Journal ArticleDOI
Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease
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TLDR
The advances in modeling and analysis of gut microbiota will further the authors' knowledge of their role in health and disease, allowing customization of existing and future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.Abstract:
Gut microbiota is an assortment of microorganisms inhabiting the length and width of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. The composition of this microbial community is host specific, evolving throughout an individual's lifetime and susceptible to both exogenous and endogenous modifications. Recent renewed interest in the structure and function of this "organ" has illuminated its central position in health and disease. The microbiota is intimately involved in numerous aspects of normal host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. Additionally, they can be a central or a contributing cause of many diseases, affecting both near and far organ systems. The overall balance in the composition of the gut microbial community, as well as the presence or absence of key species capable of effecting specific responses, is important in ensuring homeostasis or lack thereof at the intestinal mucosa and beyond. The mechanisms through which microbiota exerts its beneficial or detrimental influences remain largely undefined, but include elaboration of signaling molecules and recognition of bacterial epitopes by both intestinal epithelial and mucosal immune cells. The advances in modeling and analysis of gut microbiota will further our knowledge of their role in health and disease, allowing customization of existing and future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
John F. Cryan,Timothy G. Dinan +1 more
TL;DR: The emerging concept of a microbiota–gut–brain axis suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex CNS disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology
TL;DR: The gut microbiota has a beneficial role during normal homeostasis, modulating the host's immune system as well as influencing host development and physiology, including organ development and morphogenesis, and host metabolism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Indigenous Bacteria from the Gut Microbiota Regulate Host Serotonin Biosynthesis
Jessica M. Yano,Kristie B. Yu,Gregory P. Donaldson,Gauri G. Shastri,Phoebe Ann,Liang Ma,Cathryn R. Nagler,Rustem F. Ismagilov,Sarkis K. Mazmanian,Elaine Y. Hsiao +9 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Indigenous spore-forming bacteria from the mouse and human microbiota promote 5-HT biosynthesis from colonic enterochromaffin cells (ECs), which supply 5- HT to the mucosa, lumen, and circulating platelets and elevating luminal concentrations of particular microbial metabolites increases colonic and blood5-HT in germ-free mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
John F. Cryan,Kenneth J. O’Riordan,Caitlin S. M. Cowan,Kiran V. Sandhu,Thomaz F.S. Bastiaanssen,Marcus Boehme,Martín Gabriel Codagnone,Sofia Cussotto,Christine Fülling,Anna V. Golubeva,Katherine E. Guzzetta,Minal Jaggar,Caitriona M. Long-Smith,Joshua M. Lyte,Jason A. Martin,Alicia Molinero-Perez,Gerard M. Moloney,Emanuela Morelli,Enrique Morillas,Rory C. O'Connor,Joana S Cruz-Pereira,Veronica L. Peterson,Kieran Rea,Nathaniel L. Ritz,Eoin Sherwin,Simon Spichak,Emily M. Teichman,Marcel van de Wouw,Ana Paula Ventura-Silva,Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons,Niall P. Hyland,Gerard Clarke,Timothy G. Dinan +32 more
TL;DR: Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ruth E. Ley,Fredrik Bäckhed,Peter J. Turnbaugh,Catherine A. Lozupone,Robin D. Knight,Jeffrey I. Gordon +5 more
TL;DR: Analysis of the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice, lean ob/+ and wild-type siblings, and their ob/+ mothers, all fed the same polysaccharide-rich diet, indicates that obesity affects the diversity of the gut microbiota and suggests that intentional manipulation of community structure may be useful for regulating energy balance in obese individuals.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hay fever, hygiene, and household size.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
TL;DR: New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements the authors' biology in ways that are mutually beneficial.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prokaryotes: The unseen majority
TL;DR: The number of prokaryotes and the total amount of their cellular carbon on earth are estimated to be 4-6 x 10(30) cells and 350-550 Pg of C (1 Pg = 10(15) g), respectively, which is 60-100% of the estimated total carbon in plants.
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