Toyota

About: Toyota is a company organization based out in Safenwil, Switzerland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Battery (electricity). The organization has 40032 authors who have published 55003 publications receiving 735317 citations. The organization is also known as: Toyota Motor Corporation & Toyota Jidosha KK.

Systematic exploration of the mechanism of chemical reactions: the global reaction route mapping (GRRM) strategy using the ADDF and AFIR methods

Abstract: Global reaction route mapping (GRRM), a fully-automated search for all important reaction pathways relevant to a given purpose, on the basis of quantum chemical calculations enables systematic elucidation of complex chemical reaction mechanisms However, GRRM had previously been limited to very simple systems This is mainly because such calculations are highly demanding even in small systems when a brute-force sampling is considered Hence, we have developed two independent but complementary methods: anharmonic downward distortion following (ADDF) and artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) methods ADDF can follow reaction pathways starting from local minima on the potential energy surface (PES) toward transition structures (TSs) and dissociation channels AFIR can find pathways starting from two or more reactants toward TSs for their associative reactions In other words, ADDF searches for A → X type isomerization and A → X + Y type dissociation pathways, whereas AFIR finds A + B → X (+ Y) type associative pathways Both follow special paths called the ADDF path and the AFIR path, and these tend to pass through near TSs of corresponding reaction pathways, giving approximate TSs Such approximate TSs can easily be re-optimized to corresponding true TSs by standard geometry optimizations On the basis of these two methods, we have proposed practical strategies of GRRM The GRRM strategies have been applied to a variety of chemical systems ranging from thermal- and photochemical-reactions in small systems to organometallic- and enzyme-catalysis, on the basis of quantum chemical calculations In this perspective, we present an overview of the GRRM strategies and some results of applications Their practical usage for systematic prediction is also discussed

Exhaust gas purification system for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification system for an internal combustion engine includes a dual passage portion having a first passage and a second passage which are connected in parallel to each other. In the first passage, a first catalyst constructed of lean NOx catalyst is located and further a second catalyst constructed of oxidizing catalyst or three-way catalyst is located downstream of the first catalyst. In the second passage, a third catalyst constructed of oxidizing or three-way catalyst is located. A flow switching valve is provided so as to switch the flow of exhaust gas between the first passage and the second passage. The flow switching valve is switched so that exhaust gas flows through the third catalyst when the engine is being warmed-up and flows through the first catalyst and the second catalyst after the engine has been warmed-up.

An Efficient Halogen‐Free Electrolyte for Use in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Abstract: Unlocking the full potential of rechargeable magnesium batteries has been partially hindered by the reliance on chloride-based complex systems. Despite the high anodic stability of these electrolytes, they are corrosive toward metallic battery components, which reduce their practical electrochemical window. Following on our new design concept involving boron cluster anions, monocarborane CB11H12(-) produced the first halogen-free, simple-type Mg salt that is compatible with Mg metal and displays an oxidative stability surpassing that of ether solvents. Owing to its inertness and non-corrosive nature, the Mg(CB11H12)2/tetraglyme (MMC/G4) electrolyte system permits standardized methods of high-voltage cathode testing that uses a typical coin cell. This achievement is a turning point in the research and development of Mg electrolytes that has deep implications on realizing practical rechargeable Mg batteries.