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A Critical Assessment of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis and Stratification of Parkinson's Disease.

George K. Tofaris
- 01 Jan 2017 - 
- Vol. 7, Iss: 4, pp 569-576
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TLDR
This review summarizes recent advances in the study of exosomes in Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology and their potential as disease biomarkers.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are released by a variety of cell types including neurons and exhibit molecular profiles that reflect normal and disease states. As their content represents a snapshot of the intracellular milieu, they could be exploited as biomarkers of the otherwise inaccessible brain microenvironment. In addition they may contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders by facilitating the spread of misfolded proteins at distant sites or activating immune cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of exosomes in Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology and their potential as disease biomarkers.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Bidirectional Microglia–Neuron Communication in Health and Disease

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain is summarized and microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI

Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of exosomes is discussed, and their pathophysiological roles in different diseases of the central nervous system as well as their roles and applications as a viable pathological biomarker are introduced.
Journal ArticleDOI

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aging: Insights from the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles.

TL;DR: The mechanisms of EV generation; the relationship between the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis and EV trafficking in the setting of mitochondrial quality control; and the prospect of using EVs as aging biomarkers and as delivery systems for therapeutics against age-related conditions are discussed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles

TL;DR: Exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes in the 1980s as discussed by the authors, and their biogenesis, their secretion, and their subsequent fate are discussed, as their functions rely on these important processes.
Journal ArticleDOI

Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes

TL;DR: It is shown that exosomes—endogenous nano-vesicles that transport RNAs and proteins—can deliver short interfering (si)RNA to the brain in mice, and the therapeutic potential of exosome-mediated siRNA delivery was demonstrated by the strong mRNA and protein knockdown of BACE1, a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease, in wild-type mice.
Journal ArticleDOI

Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes.

TL;DR: This work demonstrates the presence of exosomal and nonexosomal subpopulations within small EVs, and proposes their differential separation by immuno-isolation using either CD63, CD81, or CD9, and provides guidelines to define subtypes of EVs for future functional studies.
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