A Critical Assessment of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis and Stratification of Parkinson's Disease.
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TLDR
This review summarizes recent advances in the study of exosomes in Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology and their potential as disease biomarkers.Abstract:
Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are released by a variety of cell types including neurons and exhibit molecular profiles that reflect normal and disease states. As their content represents a snapshot of the intracellular milieu, they could be exploited as biomarkers of the otherwise inaccessible brain microenvironment. In addition they may contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders by facilitating the spread of misfolded proteins at distant sites or activating immune cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of exosomes in Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology and their potential as disease biomarkers.read more
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Bidirectional Microglia–Neuron Communication in Health and Disease
TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain is summarized and microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases are highlighted.
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Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases
TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of exosomes is discussed, and their pathophysiological roles in different diseases of the central nervous system as well as their roles and applications as a viable pathological biomarker are introduced.
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Serum neuronal exosomes predict and differentiate Parkinson’s disease from atypical parkinsonism
Cheng Jiang,Franziska Hopfner,Antigoni Katsikoudi,Robert Hein,Candan Catli,Samuel Evetts,Yongzhi Huang,Hong Wang,John W. Ryder,Gregor Kuhlenbaeumer,Guenther Deuschl,Alessandro Padovani,Daniela Berg,Barbara Borroni,Michele T.M. Hu,Jason J. Davis,George K. Tofaris +16 more
TL;DR: Increased α-synuclein egress in serum neuronal exosomes precedes the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, persists with disease progression and in combination with clusterin predicts and differentiates Parkinson’s disease from atypical parkinsonism.
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aging: Insights from the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles.
Anna Picca,Flora Guerra,Riccardo Calvani,Cecilia Bucci,Maria Rita Lo Monaco,Anna Rita Bentivoglio,Hélio José Coelho-Júnior,Hélio José Coelho-Júnior,Francesco Landi,Roberto Bernabei,Roberto Bernabei,Emanuele Marzetti +11 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms of EV generation; the relationship between the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis and EV trafficking in the setting of mitochondrial quality control; and the prospect of using EVs as aging biomarkers and as delivery systems for therapeutics against age-related conditions are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cryo-electron microscopy of extracellular vesicles from cerebrospinal fluid.
A. Emelyanov,A. Emelyanov,Tatiana Shtam,Tatiana Shtam,Roman Kamyshinsky,Roman Kamyshinsky,Roman Kamyshinsky,Luiza Garaeva,Luiza Garaeva,Luiza Garaeva,Nikolai Verlov,Nikolai Verlov,Irina Miliukhina,Irina Miliukhina,Anastasia Kudrevatykh,Gaspar Gavrilov,Yulia Zabrodskaya,S.N. Pchelina,Andrey L. Konevega,Andrey L. Konevega,Andrey L. Konevega +20 more
TL;DR: The diversity and new characteristics of the vesicles from CSF are described suggesting that subpopulations of EVs with different and specific functions may exist.
References
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TL;DR: Exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes in the 1980s as discussed by the authors, and their biogenesis, their secretion, and their subsequent fate are discussed, as their functions rely on these important processes.
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Mutations in LRRK2 Cause Autosomal-Dominant Parkinsonism with Pleomorphic Pathology
Alexander Zimprich,Alexander Zimprich,Saskia Biskup,Petra Leitner,Peter Lichtner,Matthew J. Farrer,Sarah Lincoln,Jennifer M. Kachergus,Mary M. Hulihan,Ryan J. Uitti,Donald B. Calne,A. Jon Stoessl,Ronald F. Pfeiffer,Nadja Patenge,Iria Carballo Carbajal,Peter Vieregge,Friedrich Asmus,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Dennis W. Dickson,Thomas Meitinger,Tim M. Strom,Zbigniew K. Wszolek,Thomas Gasser +22 more
TL;DR: High-resolution recombination mapping and candidate gene sequencing in 46 families found six disease-segregating mutations in a gene encoding a large, multifunctional protein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2), which may be central to the pathogenesis of several major neurodegenerative disorders associated with parkinsonism.
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Joanna Kowal,Guillaume Arras,Marina Colombo,Mabel Jouve,Jakob Paul Morath,Bjarke Primdal-Bengtson,Florent Dingli,Damarys Loew,Mercedes Tkach,Clotilde Théry +9 more
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Cloning of the Gene Containing Mutations that Cause PARK8-Linked Parkinson's Disease
Coro Paisán-Ruiz,Shushant Jain,E. Whitney Evans,William P. Gilks,Javier Fernandez de Simon,Marcel P. van der Brug,Adolfo López de Munain,Silvia Aparicio,Angel Martı́nez Gil,Naheed L. Khan,Janel O. Johnson,Javier Ruiz Martínez,David Nicholl,Itxaso Marti Carrera,Amets Saénz Peňa,Rohan de Silva,Andrew J. Lees,Jose Felix Marti-Masso,Jordi Pérez-Tur,Nicholas W. Wood,Andrew B. Singleton +20 more
TL;DR: The cloning of a novel gene that contains missense mutations segregating with PARK8-linked PD in five families from England and Spain is described and this protein is named dardarin, derived from the Basque word dardara, meaning tremor, because of the tremor observed in PD.
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