Showing papers by "Paul Sabatier University published in 2014"
TL;DR: Electrochemical measurements can distinguish between different types of energy storage materials and their underlying mechanisms, used to recover power in cars and electric mass transit vehicles that would otherwise lose braking energy as heat.
Abstract: Electrochemical measurements can distinguish between different types of energy storage materials and their underlying mechanisms.
4,394 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pseudocapacitance properties of transition metal oxides have been investigated and a review of the most relevant pseudo-capacitive materials in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes is presented.
Abstract: Electrochemical energy storage technology is based on devices capable of exhibiting high energy density (batteries) or high power density (electrochemical capacitors). There is a growing need, for current and near-future applications, where both high energy and high power densities are required in the same material. Pseudocapacitance, a faradaic process involving surface or near surface redox reactions, offers a means of achieving high energy density at high charge–discharge rates. Here, we focus on the pseudocapacitive properties of transition metal oxides. First, we introduce pseudocapacitance and describe its electrochemical features. Then, we review the most relevant pseudocapacitive materials in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. The major challenges for pseudocapacitive materials along with a future outlook are detailed at the end.
3,930 citations
Paul Sabatier University1, National Autonomous University of Mexico2, Carnegie Institution for Science3, University of São Paulo4, National University of Colombia5, Norwegian University of Life Sciences6, Amazon.com7, University of Leeds8, United Nations9, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute10, University of Edinburgh11, Costa Rica Institute of Technology12
TL;DR: This work analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types, and found a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height.
Abstract: Terrestrial carbon stock mapping is important for the successful implementation of climate change mitigation policies. Its accuracy depends on the availability of reliable allometric models to infer oven-dry aboveground biomass of trees from census data. The degree of uncertainty associated with previously published pantropical aboveground biomass allometries is large. We analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types (4004 trees ≥ 5 cm trunk diameter). When trunk diameter, total tree height, and wood specific gravity were included in the aboveground biomass model as covariates, a single model was found to hold across tropical vegetation types, with no detectable effect of region or environmental factors. The mean percent bias and variance of this model was only slightly higher than that of locally fitted models. Wood specific gravity was an important predictor of aboveground biomass, especially when including a much broader range of vegetation types than previous studies. The generic tree diameter-height relationship depended linearly on a bioclimatic stress variable E, which compounds indices of temperature variability, precipitation variability, and drought intensity. For cases in which total tree height is unavailable for aboveground biomass estimation, a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height. However, to minimize bias, the development of locally derived diameter-height relationships is advised whenever possible. Both new allometric models should contribute to improve the accuracy of biomass assessment protocols in tropical vegetation types, and to advancing our understanding of architectural and evolutionary constraints on woody plant development.
1,750 citations
National Institutes of Health1, University of Minnesota2, Max Planck Society3, University College London4, Paul Sabatier University5, French Institute of Health and Medical Research6, University of Washington7, Boston University8, University of Tübingen9, deCODE genetics10, Columbia University Medical Center11, Erasmus University Rotterdam12, Stanford University13, University of Thessaly14, Washington University in St. Louis15, Michael J. Fox Foundation16, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases17, New York State Department of Health18, University of Paris19, Centre national de la recherche scientifique20, University of Miami21, Indiana University22
TL;DR: This article conducted a meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies using a common set of 7,893,274 variants across 13,708 cases and 95,282 controls.
Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies using a common set of 7,893,274 variants across 13,708 cases and 95,282 controls. Twenty-six loci were identified as having genome-wide significant association; these and 6 additional previously reported loci were then tested in an independent set of 5,353 cases and 5,551 controls. Of the 32 tested SNPs, 24 replicated, including 6 newly identified loci. Conditional analyses within loci showed that four loci, including GBA, GAK-DGKQ, SNCA and the HLA region, contain a secondary independent risk variant. In total, we identified and replicated 28 independent risk variants for Parkinson's disease across 24 loci. Although the effect of each individual locus was small, risk profile analysis showed substantial cumulative risk in a comparison of the highest and lowest quintiles of genetic risk (odds ratio (OR) = 3.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.55–4.30; P = 2 × 10−16). We also show six risk loci associated with proximal gene expression or DNA methylation.
1,636 citations
TL;DR: Ionic liquids offer a unique suite of properties that make them important candidates for a number of energy related applications, such as fuel cell electrolytes and CO2 absorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Ionic liquids offer a unique suite of properties that make them important candidates for a number of energy related applications. Cation–anion combinations that exhibit low volatility coupled with high electrochemical and thermal stability, as well as ionic conductivity, create the possibility of designing ideal electrolytes for batteries, super-capacitors, actuators, dye sensitised solar cells and thermo-electrochemical cells. In the field of water splitting to produce hydrogen they have been used to synthesize some of the best performing water oxidation catalysts and some members of the protic ionic liquid family co-catalyse an unusual, very high energy efficiency water oxidation process. As fuel cell electrolytes, the high proton conductivity of some of the protic ionic liquid family offers the potential of fuel cells operating in the optimum temperature region above 100 °C. Beyond electrochemical applications, the low vapour pressure of these liquids, along with their ability to offer tuneable functionality, also makes them ideal as CO2 absorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture. Similarly, the tuneable phase properties of the many members of this large family of salts are also allowing the creation of phase-change thermal energy storage materials having melting points tuned to the application. This perspective article provides an overview of these developing energy related applications of ionic liquids and offers some thoughts on the emerging challenges and opportunities.
1,427 citations
Vilnius University1, University of Ferrara2, Aarhus University3, University of Oslo4, Royal Institute of Technology5, Electromagnetic Geoservices6, University of Trieste7, Norwegian Computing Center8, University of Southern Denmark9, University of Santiago de Compostela10, Danske Bank11, Ruhr University Bochum12, Norwegian Meteorological Institute13, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment14, University of Auckland15, Norwegian University of Science and Technology16, Information Technology University17, Technical University of Ostrava18, Linköping University19, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology20, ETH Zurich21, Australian National University22, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia23, Cisco Systems, Inc.24, University of Buenos Aires25, University of Copenhagen26, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg27, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz28, National Scientific and Technical Research Council29, University of Valencia30, Paul Sabatier University31, University of Melbourne32, University of Nottingham33, University of Bristol34, CLC bio35, Princeton University36, La Trobe University37, Clemson University38
TL;DR: Dalton is a powerful general‐purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree–Fock, Kohn–Sham, multiconfigurational self‐consistent‐field, Møller–Plesset, configuration‐interaction, and coupled‐cluster levels of theory.
Abstract: Dalton is a powerful general-purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree-Fock, Kohn-Sham, multiconfigurational self-consistent-field, MOller-Plesset, confi ...
1,212 citations
Broad Institute1, Harvard University2, University of Tübingen3, Max Planck Society4, University of Mainz5, University of Washington6, University of California, Berkeley7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Stockholm University9, University of Adelaide10, The Heritage Foundation11, National Museum of Natural History12, Sultan Qaboos University13, University of Edinburgh14, University of Costa Rica15, University of Antioquia16, Rambam Health Care Campus17, University of Pécs18, Al Akhawayn University19, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart20, University of Oxford21, Belgorod State University22, University of Toronto23, University of Buenos Aires24, University of Bern25, Russian Academy of Sciences26, Paul Sabatier University27, North-Eastern Federal University28, University of Chicago29, University of Arizona30, Stony Brook University31, University of Bergen32, Illumina33, Sofia Medical University34, Bashkir State University35, University of Cambridge36, Vilnius University37, Estonian Biocentre38, University of Strasbourg39, University College London40, Amgen41, Gladstone Institutes42, University of Tartu43, University of Oulu44, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences45, University of Palermo46, University of Tarapacá47, University of Chile48, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan49, Armenian National Academy of Sciences50, University of North Texas51, University of Santiago de Compostela52, University of Kharkiv53, Higher University of San Andrés54, Novosibirsk State University55, Leidos56, Lebanese American University57, University of Split58, University of Pennsylvania59, Banaras Hindu University60, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology61, Estonian Academy of Sciences62, Pompeu Fabra University63, Howard Hughes Medical Institute64
TL;DR: It is shown that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west Europeanhunter-gatherer related ancestry.
Abstract: We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
1,077 citations
Charité1, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust3, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute4, Paul Sabatier University5, University of Manchester6, Newcastle University7, University of Toronto8, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust9, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven10, University of Kiel11, University College London12, Drexel University13, University of Cambridge14, Geisinger Medical Center15, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust16, University of Bristol17, Columbia University18, University of Oxford19, Radboud University Nijmegen20, University of Oregon21, Aberystwyth University22, Max Planck Society23
TL;DR: The updated HPO database is described, which provides annotations of 7,278 human hereditary syndromes listed in OMIM, Orphanet and DECIPHER to classes of the HPO, allowing integration of existing datasets and interoperability with multiple biomedical resources.
Abstract: The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) project, available at http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org, provides a structured, comprehensive and well-defined set of 10,088 classes (terms) describing human phenotypic abnormalities and 13,326 subclass relations between the HPO classes. In addition we have developed logical definitions for 46% of all HPO classes using terms from ontologies for anatomy, cell types, function, embryology, pathology and other domains. This allows interoperability with several resources, especially those containing phenotype information on model organisms such as mouse and zebrafish. Here we describe the updated HPO database, which provides annotations of 7,278 human hereditary syndromes listed in OMIM, Orphanet and DECIPHER to classes of the HPO. Various meta-attributes such as frequency, references and negations are associated with each annotation. Several large-scale projects worldwide utilize the HPO for describing phenotype information in their datasets. We have therefore generated equivalence mappings to other phenotype vocabularies such as LDDB, Orphanet, MedDRA, UMLS and phenoDB, allowing integration of existing datasets and interoperability with multiple biomedical resources. We have created various ways to access the HPO database content using flat files, a MySQL database, and Web-based tools. All data and documentation on the HPO project can be found online.
801 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, called MXene nanosheets, are predicted to serve as highperforming anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries by combined first-principles simulations and experimental measurements.
Abstract: Rechargeable non-lithium-ion (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Al3+) batteries have attracted great attention as emerging low-cost and high energy-density technologies for large-scale renewable energy storage applications. However, the development of these batteries is hindered by the limited choice of high-performance electrode materials. In this work, MXene nanosheets, a class of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, are predicted to serve as high-performing anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries by combined first-principles simulations and experimental measurements. Both O-terminated and bare MXenes are shown to be promising anode materials with high capacities and good rate capabilities, while bare MXenes show better performance. Our experiments clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Na- and K-ion intercalation into terminated MXenes. Moreover, stable multilayer adsorption is predicted for Mg and Al, which significantly increases their theoretical capacities. We also show that O-terminated MXenes can decom...
764 citations
TL;DR: The lipid content of circulating exosomes could be useful biomarkers of lipid related diseases and how they constitute an additional lipid transport system are considered in this review.
661 citations
TL;DR: This study demonstrates a primary role in DSB repair of the chromatin context in which a break occurs and identifies an HR-prone subset of DSBs that recruit the HR protein RAD51, undergo resection and rely on RAD51 for efficient repair.
Abstract: Although both homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining can repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the mechanisms by which one of these pathways is chosen over the other remain unclear. Here we show that transcriptionally active chromatin is preferentially repaired by HR. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) to analyze repair of multiple DSBs induced throughout the human genome, we identify an HR-prone subset of DSBs that recruit the HR protein RAD51, undergo resection and rely on RAD51 for efficient repair. These DSBs are located in actively transcribed genes and are targeted to HR repair via the transcription elongation-associated mark trimethylated histone H3 K36. Concordantly, depletion of SETD2, the main H3 K36 trimethyltransferase, severely impedes HR at such DSBs. Our study thereby demonstrates a primary role in DSB repair of the chromatin context in which a break occurs.
TL;DR: In this comprehensive review, the current knowledge about the virus itself, as well as the epidemiology, diagnostics, natural history, and management of HEV infection in developing and developed countries are summarized.
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a worldwide disease. An improved understanding of the natural history of HEV infection has been achieved within the last decade. Several reservoirs and transmission modes have been identified. Hepatitis E is an underdiagnosed disease, in part due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity. However, diagnostic tools, including nucleic acid-based tests, have been improved. The epidemiology and clinical features of hepatitis E differ between developing and developed countries. HEV infection is usually an acute self-limiting disease, but in developed countries it causes chronic infection with rapidly progressive cirrhosis in organ transplant recipients, patients with hematological malignancy requiring chemotherapy, and individuals with HIV. HEV also causes extrahepatic manifestations, including a number of neurological syndromes and renal injury. Acute infection usually requires no treatment, but chronic infection should be treated by reducing immunosuppression in transplant patients and/or the use of antiviral therapy. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge about the virus itself, as well as the epidemiology, diagnostics, natural history, and management of HEV infection in developing and developed countries.
Harvard University1, Broad Institute2, University of Tübingen3, Max Planck Society4, University of Mainz5, University of Washington6, University of California, Berkeley7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Stockholm University9, University of Adelaide10, The Heritage Foundation11, National Museum of Natural History12, Sultan Qaboos University13, University of Edinburgh14, University of Costa Rica15, University of Antioquia16, Rambam Health Care Campus17, University of Pécs18, Al Akhawayn University19, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart20, University of Oxford21, Belgorod State University22, University of Toronto23, University of Buenos Aires24, University of Bern25, Russian Academy of Sciences26, Paul Sabatier University27, North-Eastern Federal University28, University of Chicago29, University of Arizona30, Stony Brook University31, University of Bergen32, Illumina33, Sofia Medical University34, Bashkir State University35, University of Cambridge36, Vilnius University37, Estonian Biocentre38, University of Strasbourg39, Amgen40, University College London41, Gladstone Institutes42, University of Tartu43, University of Oulu44, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences45, University of Palermo46, University of Chile47, University of Tarapacá48, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan49, Armenian National Academy of Sciences50, University of North Texas51, University of Santiago de Compostela52, University of Kharkiv53, Higher University of San Andrés54, Novosibirsk State University55, Leidos56, Lebanese American University57, University of Split58, University of Pennsylvania59, Banaras Hindu University60, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology61, Estonian Academy of Sciences62, Pompeu Fabra University63, Howard Hughes Medical Institute64
TL;DR: The authors showed that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunters-gatherer related ancestry.
Abstract: We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
TL;DR: Progress in deciphering the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway is described and the functional and key biological roles of these molecules are discussed, providing a historical perspective in this dynamic area.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of Ti3C2, a two-dimensional titanium carbide from the MXene family, in H2SO4 electrolyte is reported.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an estimate of the total amount and spatial distribution of anthropogenic mercury in the global ocean based on oceanographic measurements of mercury and related parameters from several expeditions including data from recent GEOTRACES cruises.
Abstract: GEOTRACES sampling of deep water from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans allows an estimate of the amount (tripled in surface waters) and distribution (two-thirds increase in water less than a thousand metres deep) of anthropogenic mercury accumulating in the global ocean. Large amounts of the toxic trace metal mercury have been released into the environment as a result of human activities such as mining and burning of fossil fuels. Estimates of the amount of mercury that have reached the ocean as a result of such anthropogenic activities remain uncertain and are largely based on model studies. This paper presents an estimate of the total amount and spatial distribution of anthropogenic mercury in the global ocean based on oceanographic measurements of mercury and related parameters from several expeditions including data from recent GEOTRACES cruises. The findings suggest that there has been a tripling of the surface water mercury content and a ∼150% increase in the amount of mercury in the underlying thermocline water layer. Mercury is a toxic, bioaccumulating trace metal whose emissions to the environment have increased significantly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as mining and fossil fuel combustion1,2. Several recent models have estimated that these emissions have increased the oceanic mercury inventory by 36–1,313 million moles since the 1500s2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Such predictions have remained largely untested owing to a lack of appropriate historical data and natural archives. Here we report oceanographic measurements of total dissolved mercury and related parameters from several recent expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific, Southern and Arctic oceans. We find that deep North Atlantic waters and most intermediate waters are anomalously enriched in mercury relative to the deep waters of the South Atlantic, Southern and Pacific oceans, probably as a result of the incorporation of anthropogenic mercury. We estimate the total amount of anthropogenic mercury present in the global ocean to be 290 ± 80 million moles, with almost two-thirds residing in water shallower than a thousand metres. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic perturbations to the global mercury cycle have led to an approximately 150 per cent increase in the amount of mercury in thermocline waters and have tripled the mercury content of surface waters compared to pre-anthropogenic conditions. This information may aid our understanding of the processes and the depths at which inorganic mercury species are converted into toxic methyl mercury and subsequently bioaccumulated in marine food webs.
TL;DR: A role for H3K36 trimethylation in homologous recombination (HR) repair in human cells is defined and it is proposed that error-free HR repair within H3k36me3-decorated transcriptionally active genomic regions promotes cell homeostasis.
TL;DR: Investigation of a material with a different structure from that of NaMnO2 polymorphs, with a high capacity, that exhibits stable, reproducible, and reversible Na intercalation is observed in Na-ion batteries for grid storage.
Abstract: There is much interest in Na-ion batteries for grid storage because of the lower projected cost compared with Li-ion. Identifying Earth-abundant, low-cost, and safe materials that can function as intercalation cathodes in Na-ion batteries is an important challenge facing the field. Here we investigate such a material, β-NaMnO2, with a different structure from that of NaMnO2 polymorphs and other compounds studied extensively in the past. It exhibits a high capacity (of ca. 190 mA h g–1 at a rate of C/20), along with a good rate capability (142 mA h g–1 at a rate of 2C) and a good capacity retention (100 mA h g–1after 100 Na extraction/insertion cycles at a rate of 2C). Powder XRD, HRTEM, and 23Na NMR studies revealed that this compound exhibits a complex structure consisting of intergrown regions of α-NaMnO2 and β-NaMnO2 domains. The collapse of the long-range structure at low Na content is expected to compromise the reversibility of the Na extraction and insertion processes occurring upon charge and disch...
TL;DR: It is found that for both grasslands and algae, temporal correlations in species biomass are lower when species are grown together in polyculture than when grown alone in monoculture, suggesting that interspecific interactions tend to stabilize community biomass in diverse communities.
Abstract: The relationship between biological diversity and ecological stability has fascinated ecologists for decades. Determining the generality of this relationship, and discovering the mechanisms that underlie it, are vitally important for ecosystem management. Here, we investigate how species richness affects the temporal stability of biomass production by reanalyzing 27 recent biodiversity experiments conducted with primary producers. We find that, in grasslands, increasing species richness stabilizes whole-community biomass but destabilizes the dynamics of constituent populations. Community biomass is stabilized because species richness impacts mean biomass more strongly than its variance. In algal communities, species richness has a minimal effect on community stability because richness affects the mean and variance of biomass nearly equally. Using a new measure of synchrony among species, we find that for both grasslands and algae, temporal correlations in species biomass are lower when species are...
TL;DR: It is found that serine proteases secreted by activated mast cells generate mature forms of IL-33 with potent activity on ILC2s, which are 30-fold more potent than full-length human IL-331–270 for activation of I LC2s ex vivo.
Abstract: Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an alarmin cytokine from the IL-1 family. IL-33 activates many immune cell types expressing the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) receptor ST2, including group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s, natural helper cells, nuocytes), the major producers of IL-5 and IL-13 during type-2 innate immune responses and allergic airway inflammation. IL-33 is likely to play a critical role in asthma because the IL33 and ST2/IL1RL1 genes have been reproducibly identified as major susceptibility loci in large-scale genome-wide association studies. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating IL-33 activity is thus urgently needed. Here, we investigated the role of mast cells, critical effector cells in allergic disorders, known to interact with ILC2s in vivo. We found that serine proteases secreted by activated mast cells (chymase and tryptase) generate mature forms of IL-33 with potent activity on ILC2s. The major forms produced by mast cell proteases, IL-3395–270, IL-33107–270, and IL-33109–270, were 30-fold more potent than full-length human IL-331–270 for activation of ILC2s ex vivo. They induced a strong expansion of ILC2s and eosinophils in vivo, associated with elevated concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13. Murine IL-33 is also cleaved by mast cell tryptase, and a tryptase inhibitor reduced IL-33–dependent allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Our study identifies the central cleavage/activation domain of IL-33 (amino acids 66–111) as an important functional domain of the protein and suggests that interference with IL-33 cleavage and activation by mast cell and other inflammatory proteases could be useful to reduce IL-33–mediated responses in allergic asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
National Institutes of Health1, University of Minnesota2, Max Planck Society3, University College London4, University of Washington5, French Institute of Health and Medical Research6, Paul Sabatier University7, Boston University8, University of Tübingen9, deCODE genetics10, Columbia University Medical Center11, Erasmus University Rotterdam12, Stanford University13, University of Thessaly14, Washington University in St. Louis15, Michael J. Fox Foundation16, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases17, New York State Department of Health18, University of Paris19, Centre national de la recherche scientifique20, University of Miami21, Indiana University22
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies using a common set of 7,893,274 variants found four loci, including GBA, GAK-DGKQ, SNCA and the HLA region, contain a secondary independent risk variant.
Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies using a common set of 7,893,274 variants across 13,708 cases and 95,282 controls. Twenty-six loci were identified as having genome-wide significant association; these and 6 additional previously reported loci were then tested in an independent set of 5,353 cases and 5,551 controls. Of the 32 tested SNPs, 24 replicated, including 6 newly identified loci. Conditional analyses within loci showed that four loci, including GBA, GAK-DGKQ, SNCA and the HLA region, contain a secondary independent risk variant. In total, we identified and replicated 28 independent risk variants for Parkinson's disease across 24 loci. Although the effect of each individual locus was small, risk profile analysis showed substantial cumulative risk in a comparison of the highest and lowest quintiles of genetic risk (odds ratio (OR) = 3.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.55–4.30; P = 2 × 10−16). We also show six risk loci associated with proximal gene expression or DNA methylation.
University of Edinburgh1, University of Exeter2, University of Leeds3, University College London4, Imperial College London5, National Institute of Amazonian Research6, Naturalis7, Utrecht University8, Australian National University9, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno10, National Institute for Space Research11, University of Amsterdam12, Institut national de la recherche agronomique13, Woods Hole Research Center14, Universidade Federal do Acre15, Central University of Ecuador16, Paul Sabatier University17, National Park Service18, National Agrarian University19, University of Texas at Austin20, University of São Paulo21, Smithsonian Institution22, Ferrum College23, World Wide Fund for Nature24, James Cook University25, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso26, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee27, National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco28, Wageningen University and Research Centre29, Duke University30, University of East Anglia31, National University of Colombia32, University of Los Andes33, University of Florida34, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi35, Conservation International36, Georgetown University37, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute38, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee39, State University of Campinas40, Northern Arizona University41, University of Oxford42
TL;DR: Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases and carbon accounting techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry.
Abstract: Aim The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land-use planning. Remote sensing (RS) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location Tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/
TL;DR: This Review focuses on recent research developments in graphene-based supercapacitors, including doped graphene, activated graphene, graphene/metal oxide composites, graphene/"polymer composites", and graphene- based asymmetricsupercapacitor applications.
Abstract: Tremendous development in the field of portable electronics and hybrid electric vehicles has led to urgent and increasing demand in the field of high-energy storage devices. In recent years, many research efforts have been made for the development of more efficient energy-storage devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. In particular, supercapacitors have great potential to meet the demands of both high energy density and power density in many advanced technologies. For the last half decade, graphene has attracted intense research interest for electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) applications. The unique electronic, thermal, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of graphene, along with the intrinsic benefits of a carbon material, make it a promising candidate for supercapacitor applications. This Review focuses on recent research developments in graphene-based supercapacitors, including doped graphene, activated graphene, graphene/metal oxide composites, graphene/polymer composites, and graphene-based asymmetric supercapacitors. The challenges and prospects of graphene-based supercapacitors are also discussed.
University of Tokyo1, University of Electro-Communications2, Centre national de la recherche scientifique3, Paul Sabatier University4, University of Copenhagen5, Goddard Space Flight Center6, Subaru7, Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics8, National Taiwan University9, Kobe University10
TL;DR: It is reported that the unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule cyclic-C3H2 resides in the infalling rotating envelope, whereas sulphur monoxide is enhanced in the transition zone at the radius of the centrifugal barrier (100 ± 20 au), which is the radius at which the kinetic energy of the inf falling gas is converted to rotational energy.
Abstract: IRAS 04368+2557 is a solar-type (low-mass) protostar embedded in a protostellar core (L1527) in the Taurus molecular cloud, which is only 140 parsecs away from Earth, making it the closest large star-forming region. The protostellar envelope has a flattened shape with a diameter of a thousand astronomical units (1 AU is the distance from Earth to the Sun), and is infalling and rotating. It also has a protostellar disk with a radius of 90 AU (ref. 6), from which a planetary system is expected to form. The interstellar gas, mainly consisting of hydrogen molecules, undergoes a change in density of about three orders of magnitude as it collapses from the envelope into the disk, while being heated from 10 kelvin to over 100 kelvin in the mid-plane, but it has hitherto not been possible to explore changes in chemical composition associated with this collapse. Here we report that the unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule cyclic-C3H2 resides in the infalling rotating envelope, whereas sulphur monoxide (SO) is enhanced in the transition zone at the radius of the centrifugal barrier (100 ± 20 AU), which is the radius at which the kinetic energy of the infalling gas is converted to rotational energy. Such a drastic change in chemistry at the centrifugal barrier was not anticipated, but is probably caused by the discontinuous infalling motion at the centrifugal barrier and local heating processes there.
Netherlands Institute for Space Research1, Leiden University2, Utrecht University3, Johns Hopkins University4, Space Telescope Science Institute5, INAF6, University College London7, Centre national de la recherche scientifique8, University of Grenoble9, University of Oxford10, Catholic University of the North11, Virginia Tech12, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology13, Roma Tre University14, University of Geneva15, California Institute of Technology16, Hoffmann-La Roche17, Paul Sabatier University18, Max Planck Society19, Ohio State University20, University of Cambridge21, Ruhr University Bochum22, Saitama University23, Rikkyo University24
TL;DR: A multiwavelength monitoring campaign throughout 2013 suggests that an additional faster jet component has been launching clumps of gas that obscure both the x-ray and UV radiation in NGC 5548, and suggests that the outflow could be associated with a wind from the supermassive black hole's accretion disk.
Abstract: Supermassive black holes in the nuclei of active galaxies expel large amounts of matter through powerful winds of ionized gas. The archetypal active galaxy NGC 5548 has been studied for decades, and high-resolution x-ray and ultraviolet (UV) observations have previously shown a persistent ionized outflow. An observing campaign in 2013 with six space observatories shows the nucleus to be obscured by a long-lasting, clumpy stream of ionized gas not seen before. It blocks 90% of the soft x-ray emission and causes simultaneous deep, broad UV absorption troughs. The outflow velocities of this gas are up to five times faster than those in the persistent outflow, and, at a distance of only a few light days from the nucleus, it may likely originate from the accretion disk.
TL;DR: Applications for TDM during oral targeted therapies may best be reserved for particular situations including lack of therapeutic response, severe or unexpected toxicities, anticipated drug-drug interactions and/or concerns over adherence treatment.
TL;DR: Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry measurements were used to characterize ion adsorption in carbide-derived carbon (CDC) with two different average pore sizes, suggesting that EMI(+) cation owns higher mobility than TFSI(-) anion in these electrolytes.
Abstract: Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were used to characterize ion adsorption in carbide-derived carbon (CDC) with two different average pore sizes (1 and 0.65 nm), from neat and solvated 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI) electrolytes. From the electrode mass change in neat EMI-TFSI, it was shown that one net charge stored corresponds almost to one single ion at high polarization; in that case, no ion-pairing or charge screening by co-ions were observed. In 2 M EMI-TFSI in acetonitrile electrolyte, experimental solvation numbers were estimated for EMI+ cation, showing a partial desolvation when cations were adsorbed in confined carbon pores. The extent of desolvation increased when decreasing the carbon pore size (from 1 down to 0.65 nm). The results also suggest that EMI+ cation owns higher mobility than TFSI– anion in these electrolytes.
TL;DR: It is found that LARP1 associates with the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and is required for global protein synthesis as well as cell growth and proliferation, and implicate Larp1 as an important regulator of cell Growth and proliferation.
Abstract: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes cell growth and proliferation by promoting mRNA translation and increasing the protein synthetic capacity of the cell. Although mTOR globally promotes translation by regulating the mRNA 5′ cap-binding protein eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E), it also preferentially regulates the translation of certain classes of mRNA via unclear mechanisms. To help fill this gap in knowledge, we performed a quantitative proteomic screen to identify proteins that associate with the mRNA 5′ cap in an mTOR-dependent manner. Using this approach, we identified many potential regulatory factors, including the putative RNA-binding protein LARP1 (La-related protein 1). Our results indicate that LARP1 associates with actively translating ribosomes via PABP and that LARP1 stimulates the translation of mRNAs containing a 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motif, encoding for components of the translational machinery. We found that LARP1 associates with the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and is required for global protein synthesis as well as cell growth and proliferation. Together, these data reveal important molecular mechanisms involved in TOP mRNA translation and implicate LARP1 as an important regulator of cell growth and proliferation.
Conservation International1, University of Calgary2, Oxford Brookes University3, Northern Illinois University4, Golder Associates5, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust6, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência7, Paul Sabatier University8, University of Western Ontario9, American Museum of Natural History10, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna11, Stony Brook University12, Durham University13
TL;DR: Community-based management, ecotourism, and researchers' presence are proposed to prevent lemur extinctions and reasons for hope are discussed in light of site-specific, local actions proposed in an emergency conservation action plan.
Abstract: The most threatened mammal group on Earth, Madagascar's five endemic lemur families (lemurs are found nowhere else) ( 1 ), represent more than 20% of the world's primate species and 30% of family-level diversity. This combination of diversity and uniqueness is unmatched by any other country—remarkable considering that Madagascar is only 1.3 to 2.9% the size of the Neotropics, Africa, or Asia, the other three landmasses where nonhuman primates occur. But lemurs face extinction risks driven by human disturbance of forest habitats. We discuss these challenges and reasons for hope in light of site-specific, local actions proposed in an emergency conservation action plan ( 2 ).
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that lactate, an important metabolic intermediate, induces browning of murine white adipose cells with expression of functional UCP1, and that the lactate effect on Ucp1 is mediated by intracellular redox modifications as a result of lactate transport through monocarboxylate transporters.
Abstract: The presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human adults opens attractive perspectives to treat metabolic disorders. Indeed, BAT dissipates energy as heat via uncoupling protein (UCP)1. Brown adipocytes are located in specific deposits or can emerge among white fat through the so-called browning process. Although numerous inducers have been shown to drive this process, no study has investigated whether it could be controlled by specific metabolites. Here, we show that lactate, an important metabolic intermediate, induces browning of murine white adipose cells with expression of functional UCP1. Lactate-induced browning also occurs in human cells and in vivo. Lactate controls Ucp1 expression independently of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and PPARα pathways but requires active PPARγ signaling. We demonstrate that the lactate effect on Ucp1 is mediated by intracellular redox modifications as a result of lactate transport through monocarboxylate transporters. Further, the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate, another metabolite that impacts redox state, is also a strong browning inducer. Because this redox-dependent increase in Ucp1 expression promotes an oxidative phenotype with mitochondria, browning appears as an adaptive mechanism to alleviate redox pressure. Our findings open new perspectives for the control of adipose tissue browning and its physiological relevance.