Showing papers by "University of East Anglia published in 2017"
Brigham and Women's Hospital1, Novartis2, Baylor College of Medicine3, Federal University of São Paulo4, Technische Universität München5, University of Amsterdam6, St. John's University7, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik8, McGill University9, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague10, University of Szeged11, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy12, University of East Anglia13, Tohoku University14, Sahlgrenska University Hospital15
TL;DR: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin‐1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid‐level lowering.
Abstract: BackgroundExperimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. ResultsAt 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in t...
5,660 citations
San Antonio River Authority1, Ljubljana University Medical Centre2, University of Amsterdam3, University of Colorado Denver4, University of Washington5, King's College London6, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University7, Stanford University8, University of Padua9, Harvard University10, University of Sheffield11, University of Cambridge12, Shanghai Jiao Tong University13, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children14, University of Virginia15, JDRF16, University of East Anglia17, Copenhagen University Hospital18, University of Montpellier19, Yale University20
TL;DR: This article summarizes the ATTD consensus recommendations and represents the current understanding of how CGM results can affect outcomes.
Abstract: Measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the traditional method for assessing glycemic control. However, it does not reflect intra- and interday glycemic excursions that may lead to acute events (such as hypoglycemia) or postprandial hyperglycemia, which have been linked to both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), either from real-time use (rtCGM) or intermittently viewed (iCGM), addresses many of the limitations inherent in HbA1c testing and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Although both provide the means to move beyond the HbA1c measurement as the sole marker of glycemic control, standardized metrics for analyzing CGM data are lacking. Moreover, clear criteria for matching people with diabetes to the most appropriate glucose monitoring methodologies, as well as standardized advice about how best to use the new information they provide, have yet to be established. In February 2017, the Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD) Congress convened an international panel of physicians, researchers, and individuals with diabetes who are expert in CGM technologies to address these issues. This article summarizes the ATTD consensus recommendations and represents the current understanding of how CGM results can affect outcomes.
1,173 citations
Leibniz Association1, University of Zurich2, James Hutton Institute3, Murdoch University4, University of Minnesota5, National Institutes of Health6, University of California, Riverside7, European Bioinformatics Institute8, University of Udine9, University of Helsinki10, Norwich University11, Zhejiang University12, Kansas State University13, University of Adelaide14, University of East Anglia15, National Institute of Agricultural Botany16, Technische Universität München17, Lund University18, Government of Western Australia19, Yangtze University20, University of Dundee21, University of Western Australia22
TL;DR: The importance of the barley reference sequence for breeding is demonstrated by inspecting the genomic partitioning of sequence variation in modern elite germplasm, highlighting regions vulnerable to genetic erosion.
Abstract: Cereal grasses of the Triticeae tribe have been the major food source in temperate regions since the dawn of agriculture. Their large genomes are characterized by a high content of repetitive elements and large pericentromeric regions that are virtually devoid of meiotic recombination. Here we present a high-quality reference genome assembly for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We use chromosome conformation capture mapping to derive the linear order of sequences across the pericentromeric space and to investigate the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus at megabase resolution. The composition of genes and repetitive elements differs between distal and proximal regions. Gene family analyses reveal lineage-specific duplications of genes involved in the transport of nutrients to developing seeds and the mobilization of carbohydrates in grains. We demonstrate the importance of the barley reference sequence for breeding by inspecting the genomic partitioning of sequence variation in modern elite germplasm, highlighting regions vulnerable to genetic erosion.
1,105 citations
TL;DR: This work implemented 18 recently proposed algorithms in a common Java framework and compared them against two standard benchmark classifiers (and each other) by performing 100 resampling experiments on each of the 85 datasets, indicating that only nine of these algorithms are significantly more accurate than both benchmarks.
Abstract: In the last 5 years there have been a large number of new time series classification algorithms proposed in the literature. These algorithms have been evaluated on subsets of the 47 data sets in the University of California, Riverside time series classification archive. The archive has recently been expanded to 85 data sets, over half of which have been donated by researchers at the University of East Anglia. Aspects of previous evaluations have made comparisons between algorithms difficult. For example, several different programming languages have been used, experiments involved a single train/test split and some used normalised data whilst others did not. The relaunch of the archive provides a timely opportunity to thoroughly evaluate algorithms on a larger number of datasets. We have implemented 18 recently proposed algorithms in a common Java framework and compared them against two standard benchmark classifiers (and each other) by performing 100 resampling experiments on each of the 85 datasets. We use these results to test several hypotheses relating to whether the algorithms are significantly more accurate than the benchmarks and each other. Our results indicate that only nine of these algorithms are significantly more accurate than both benchmarks and that one classifier, the collective of transformation ensembles, is significantly more accurate than all of the others. All of our experiments and results are reproducible: we release all of our code, results and experimental details and we hope these experiments form the basis for more robust testing of new algorithms in the future.
1,070 citations
University of Cambridge1, University of the Basque Country2, National Autonomous University of Mexico3, University of Córdoba (Spain)4, Corvinus University of Budapest5, University of Southern Denmark6, University of Gothenburg7, University of East Anglia8, Lund University9, University of Kiel10, United Nations11, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ12, University of Khartoum13, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology14, University of Washington15, University of Oxford16, Ministry of Forestry17, University College Dublin18, National University of Cordoba19, Carthage University20, University of Chile21, Harvard University22, Norwegian University of Life Sciences23, University of Pretoria24, University of Antwerp25, Wetlands International26, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro27, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources28, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research29, University of Western Australia30, National University of General Sarmiento31, Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management32, European Commission33, Government of Canada34, Finnish Environment Institute35, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro36, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro37, International Institute of Minnesota38, Victoria University of Wellington39, Indian Institute of Forest Management40, University of Tokyo41
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so, and argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and NCP.
985 citations
University of East Anglia1, University of Exeter2, Max Planck Society3, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation4, Stanford University5, Oak Ridge National Laboratory6, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration7, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies8, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory9, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen10, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research11, Met Office12, École Normale Supérieure13, Centre national de la recherche scientifique14, University of Maryland, College Park15, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research16, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis17, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research18, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution19, University of New Hampshire20, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign21, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology22, University of California, San Diego23, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency24, Utrecht University25, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences26, University of Paris27, Cooperative Research Centre28, Hobart Corporation29, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research30, University of Bern31, National Center for Atmospheric Research32, University of Miami33, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research34, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research35, National Institute for Environmental Studies36, Spanish National Research Council37, Montana State University38, Goddard Space Flight Center39, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research40, University of Delaware41, Auburn University42, Food and Agriculture Organization43, Wageningen University and Research Centre44, VU University Amsterdam45, University of Groningen46
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties, and the resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM) is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle.
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the "global carbon budget" – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007–2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a small BIM of −0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007–2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Nino conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quere et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).
884 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors combine four global models to estimate premature mortality caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution as a result of atmospheric transport and the production and consumption of goods and services in different world regions.
Abstract: Millions of people die every year from diseases caused by exposure to outdoor air pollution. Some studies have estimated premature mortality related to local sources of air pollution, but local air quality can also be affected by atmospheric transport of pollution from distant sources. International trade is contributing to the globalization of emission and pollution as a result of the production of goods (and their associated emissions) in one region for consumption in another region. The effects of international trade on air pollutant emissions, air quality and health have been investigated regionally, but a combined, global assessment of the health impacts related to international trade and the transport of atmospheric air pollution is lacking. Here we combine four global models to estimate premature mortality caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution as a result of atmospheric transport and the production and consumption of goods and services in different world regions. We find that, of the 3.45 million premature deaths related to PM2.5 pollution in 2007 worldwide, about 12 per cent (411,100 deaths) were related to air pollutants emitted in a region of the world other than that in which the death occurred, and about 22 per cent (762,400 deaths) were associated with goods and services produced in one region for consumption in another. For example, PM2.5 pollution produced in China in 2007 is linked to more than 64,800 premature deaths in regions other than China, including more than 3,100 premature deaths in western Europe and the USA; on the other hand, consumption in western Europe and the USA is linked to more than 108,600 premature deaths in China. Our results reveal that the transboundary health impacts of PM2.5 pollution associated with international trade are greater than those associated with long-distance atmospheric pollutant transport.
685 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that emission flow patterns have changed greatly in both domestic and foreign trade since the financial crisis, and emissions embodied in China’s exports declined from 2007 to 2012, while developing countries become the major destinations of China's export emissions.
Abstract: This study seeks to estimate the carbon implications of recent changes in China's economic development patterns and role in global trade in the post-financial-crisis era. We utilised the latest socioeconomic datasets to compile China's 2012 multiregional input-output (MRIO) table. Environmentally extended input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) were applied to investigate the driving forces behind changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China's domestic and foreign trade from 2007 to 2012. Here we show that emission flow patterns have changed greatly in both domestic and foreign trade since the financial crisis. Some economically less developed regions, such as Southwest China, have shifted from being a net emission exporter to being a net emission importer. In terms of foreign trade, emissions embodied in China's exports declined from 2007 to 2012 mainly due to changes in production structure and efficiency gains, while developing countries became the major destination of China's export emissions.
662 citations
University of Queensland1, University of the Witwatersrand2, University of Bristol3, University of East Anglia4, University of Arizona5, University of Münster6, Max Planck Society7, University of Ottawa8, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare9, University of Glasgow10, Innsbruck Medical University11, State University of New York System12, The Institute of Optics13, Polytechnic University of Catalonia14, University of Victoria15, University of Southern California16, University of Oregon17, Purdue University18
TL;DR: In this paper, the key fields within structured light from the perspective of experts in those areas, providing insight into the current state and the challenges their respective fields face, as well as the exciting prospects for the future that are yet to be realized.
Abstract: Structured light refers to the generation and application of custom light fields. As the tools and technology to create and detect structured light have evolved, steadily the applications have begun to emerge. This roadmap touches on the key fields within structured light from the perspective of experts in those areas, providing insight into the current state and the challenges their respective fields face. Collectively the roadmap outlines the venerable nature of structured light research and the exciting prospects for the future that are yet to be realized.
639 citations
Haidong Wang1, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir2, Kalkidan Hassen Abate3, Cristiana Abbafati4 +781 more•Institutions (41)
TL;DR: Age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 is estimated for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016 to identify countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone.
553 citations
University of Western Ontario1, University of Edinburgh2, King's College London3, California Pacific Medical Center4, University of Manchester5, University of East Anglia6, Northwestern University7, University of Miami8, University of Debrecen9, Loma Linda University10, University of Milan11, University of Sheffield12, University of Oxford13
TL;DR: These revised consensus criteria expand upon those of 2009 and embrace the concept of the frontotemporal spectrum disorder of ALS (ALS-FTSD), which is a re-conceptualisation that neuropsychological deficits in ALS fall along a spectrum.
Abstract: This article presents the revised consensus criteria for the diagnosis of frontotemporal dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on an international research workshop on frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and ALS held in London, Canada in June 2015. Since the publication of the Strong criteria, there have been considerable advances in the understanding of the neuropsychological profile of patients with ALS. Not only is the breadth and depth of neuropsychological findings broader than previously recognised –– including deficits in social cognition and language – but mixed deficits may also occur. Evidence now shows that the neuropsychological deficits in ALS are extremely heterogeneous, affecting over 50% of persons with ALS. When present, these deficits significantly and adversely impact patient survival. It is the recognition of this clinical heterogeneity in association with neuroimaging, genetic and neuropathological advances that has led to the current re-conceptualisation that neu...
Norwich Research Park1, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation2, Institut national de la recherche agronomique3, Institut national des sciences Appliquées de Lyon4, University of Montpellier5, University of East Anglia6, University of Rennes7, University of Miami8, Pompeu Fabra University9, Rothamsted Research10, Simplot11, University of Cambridge12, Université Paris-Saclay13, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research14
TL;DR: It is shown that the generalist aphid pest M. persicae is able to colonise diverse host plant species in the absence of genetic specialisation through rapid transcriptional plasticity of genes that have duplicated during aphid evolution.
Abstract: The prevailing paradigm of host-parasite evolution is that arms races lead to increasing specialisation via genetic adaptation. Insect herbivores are no exception and the majority have evolved to colonise a small number of closely related host species. Remarkably, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, colonises plant species across 40 families and single M. persicae clonal lineages can colonise distantly related plants. This remarkable ability makes M. persicae a highly destructive pest of many important crop species. To investigate the exceptional phenotypic plasticity of M. persicae, we sequenced the M. persicae genome and assessed how one clonal lineage responds to host plant species of different families. We show that genetically identical individuals are able to colonise distantly related host species through the differential regulation of genes belonging to aphid-expanded gene families. Multigene clusters collectively upregulate in single aphids within two days upon host switch. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional significance of this rapid transcriptional change using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down of genes belonging to the cathepsin B gene family. Knock-down of cathepsin B genes reduced aphid fitness, but only on the host that induced upregulation of these genes. Previous research has focused on the role of genetic adaptation of parasites to their hosts. Here we show that the generalist aphid pest M. persicae is able to colonise diverse host plant species in the absence of genetic specialisation. This is achieved through rapid transcriptional plasticity of genes that have duplicated during aphid evolution.
TL;DR: The development of this staining method and its initial cross-validation by comparison with infrared (IR) microscopy identified the same particles as those found by scanning a filter area with IR-microscopy.
Abstract: A new approach is presented for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples, based on selective fluorescent staining using Nile Red (NR), followed by density-based extraction and filtration. The dye adsorbs onto plastic surfaces and renders them fluorescent when irradiated with blue light. Fluorescence emission is detected using simple photography through an orange filter. Image-analysis allows fluorescent particles to be identified and counted. Magnified images can be recorded and tiled to cover the whole filter area, allowing particles down to a few micrometres to be detected. The solvatochromic nature of Nile Red also offers the possibility of plastic categorisation based on surface polarity characteristics of identified particles. This article details the development of this staining method and its initial cross-validation by comparison with infrared (IR) microscopy. Microplastics of different sizes could be detected and counted in marine sediment samples. The fluorescence staining identified the same particles as those found by scanning a filter area with IR-microscopy.
University of Southern Denmark1, Pfizer2, University of Paris3, University of Zaragoza4, University of East Anglia5, Montreal Heart Institute6, Leiden University Medical Center7, Technische Universität München8, Leiden University9, University of Amsterdam10, University of São Paulo11, University of the Witwatersrand12, Wrocław Medical University13, University of Maryland, Baltimore14, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague15, Cleveland Clinic16, University of Manchester17, Auckland City Hospital18, Mayo Clinic19, Charles University in Prague20
TL;DR: In two randomized trials comparing the PCSK9 inhibitor bococizumab with placebo, bococzumab had no benefit with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events in the trial involving lower‐risk patients but did have a significant benefit in the Trial involving higher‐risk Patients.
Abstract: BackgroundBococizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and reduces levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of bococizumab in patients at high cardiovascular risk. MethodsIn two parallel, multinational trials with different entry criteria for LDL cholesterol levels, we randomly assigned the 27,438 patients in the combined trials to receive bococizumab (at a dose of 150 mg) subcutaneously every 2 weeks or placebo. The primary end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina requiring urgent revascularization, or cardiovascular death; 93% of the patients were receiving statin therapy at baseline. The trials were stopped early after the sponsor elected to discontinue the development of bococizumab owing in part to the development of high rates of antidrug antibodies, as seen in data from other studies in the program. The median follow-up was 10...
Dresden University of Technology1, University College London2, Eskişehir Osmangazi University3, Virginia Commonwealth University4, University of Cologne5, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières6, University of Jena7, University College of Medical Sciences8, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary9, Konkuk University10, St. Lawrence University11, Cairo University12, Mie University13, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki14, University of Bern15, University of Vermont Medical Center16, University of Insubria17, Kanazawa Medical University18, University of Barcelona19, Medical University of Vienna20, University of Padua21, The Catholic University of America22, University of East Anglia23, University of Chicago24, University of Colorado Boulder25, Université catholique de Louvain26, Wolfson Medical Center27, Taipei Veterans General Hospital28, University of Buenos Aires29, Karolinska University Hospital30, University of Duisburg-Essen31, University of Pardubice32, University Hospital of Basel33
TL;DR: Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to adopt a common language in olfactory dysfunction to increase the methodological quality, consistency and generalisability of work in this field.
Abstract: Background: Olfactory dysfunction is an increasingly recognised condition, associated with reduced quality of life and major health outcomes such as neurodegeneration and death. However, translational research in this field is limited by heterogeneity in methodological approach, including definitions of impairment, improvement and appropriate assessment techniques. Accordingly, effective treatments are limited. In an effort to encourage high quality and comparable work in this field, among others, we propose the following ideas and recommendations. Whilst full recommendations are outlined in the main document, key points include: -Patients with suspected olfactory loss should undergo a full examination of the head and neck, including rigid nasal endoscopy. -Subjective olfactory assessment should not be undertaken in isolation, given its poor reliability. -Psychophysical assessment tools used in clinical and research settings should include reliable and validated tests of odour threshold, and/or one of odour identification or discrimination. -Comprehensive chemosensory assessment should include gustatory screening. -Smell training can be helpful in patients with olfactory loss of several aetiologies. Conclusions: We hope the current manuscript will encourage clinicians and researchers to adopt a common language, and in so doing, increase the methodological quality, consistency and generalisability of work in this field.
University of Freiburg1, University Medical Center Groningen2, Wellcome Trust3, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control4, Imperial College London5, Spanish National Research Council6, Karolinska University Hospital7, Karolinska Institutet8, Université catholique de Louvain9, University of East Anglia10, Public Health England11, University of Fribourg12, University of Paris-Sud13, University of Siena14, University of Cologne15, Cardiff University16
TL;DR: The development of a consistent sampling framework and the results of the first structured survey on the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in European hospitals are reported.
Abstract: Summary Background Gaps in the diagnostic capacity and heterogeneity of national surveillance and reporting standards in Europe make it difficult to contain carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. We report the development of a consistent sampling framework and the results of the first structured survey on the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in European hospitals. Methods National expert laboratories recruited hospitals with diagnostic capacities, who collected the first ten carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of K pneumoniae or E coli and ten susceptible same-species comparator isolates and pertinent patient and hospital information. Isolates and data were relayed back to national expert laboratories, which made laboratory-substantiated information available for central analysis. Findings Between Nov 1, 2013, and April 30, 2014, 455 sentinel hospitals in 36 countries submitted 2703 clinical isolates (2301 [85%] K pneumoniae and 402 (15%) E coli ). 850 (37%) of 2301 K pneumoniae samples and 77 (19%) of 402 E coli samples were carbapenemase (KPC, NDM, OXA-48-like, or VIM) producers. The ratio of K pneumoniae to E coli was 11:1. 1·3 patients per 10 000 hospital admissions had positive clinical specimens. Prevalence differed greatly, with the highest rates in Mediterranean and Balkan countries. Carbapenemase-producing K pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to last-line antibiotics. Interpretation This initiative shows an encouraging commitment by all participants, and suggests that challenges in the establishment of a continent-wide enhanced sentinel surveillance for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaeceae can be overcome. Strengthening infection control efforts in hospitals is crucial for controlling spread through local and national health care networks. Funding European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
TL;DR: The recommended perioperative management of patients with IBD undergoing surgery accords with general ESPEN guidance for patients having abdominal surgery, and primary therapy using nutrition to treat IBD is moderately well supported in Crohn's disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.
National Health Service1, University of Oxford2, University of Manchester3, University of Glasgow4, University of Plymouth5, University of Bristol6, Centre for Mental Health7, University of Sheffield8, University of Liverpool9, University of Leicester10, Swansea University11, Goldsmiths, University of London12, University of Strathclyde13, University of Worcester14, University of Nottingham15, RMIT University16, University of New South Wales17, Middlesex University18, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust19, University of Sussex20, University College London21, University of Central Lancashire22, Royal Holloway, University of London23, University of Cambridge24, University of East Anglia25, University of Exeter26, University of Edinburgh27, University of Lincoln28
TL;DR: There is strong evidence that insomnia is a causal factor in the occurrence of psychotic experiences and other mental health problems, and the treatment of disrupted sleep might require a higher priority in mental health provision.
Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute1, University of Toronto2, University of Calgary3, King's College London4, University of Cambridge5, Sunnybrook Research Institute6, Rabin Medical Center7, University of California, Santa Barbara8, University of Southern California9, University of Ottawa10, University of Western Ontario11, McMaster University12, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust13, Nemours Foundation14, University Health Network15, University of East Anglia16, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto17, Hospital de Sant Pau18, Ottawa Hospital19, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital20, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre21, Glasgow Royal Infirmary22, Université du Québec23, Queen's University24, Royal Victoria Infirmary25, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust26, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary27, University of Southampton28, University College Hospital29, University of Manchester30, South Tees Hospitals NHS Trust31, Russells Hall Hospital32, Kingston General Hospital33, Royal University Hospital34, JDRF35
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on maternal glucose control and obstetric and neonatal health outcomes was examined in women with Type 1 diabetes and planning pregnancy.
University College London1, Alzheimer's Society2, University of Cambridge3, University of Sheffield4, Brighton and Sussex Medical School5, Bangor University6, Technische Universität München7, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich8, Imperial College London9, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust10, University of Hertfordshire11, University of Manchester12, Cardiff University13, University of East Anglia14, University of Bath15, University of Warwick16, University of Hull17, University of Nottingham18, University of Oxford19, Leeds Beckett University20, University of Exeter21, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases22, St George's, University of London23, University of Bristol24, Queen's University Belfast25, University of Southampton26, Aston University27, Newcastle University28, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust29
TL;DR: This is the first review to identify the 81 outcome measures the research community uses for disease-modifying trials in mild-to-moderate dementia, and recommended core outcomes were cognition as the fundamental deficit in dementia and to indicate disease modification, serial structural MRIs.
Abstract: Background There are no disease-modifying treatments for dementia. There is also no consensus on disease modifying outcomes. We aimed to produce the first evidence-based consensus on core outcome measures for trials of disease modification in mild-to-moderate dementia. Methods and findings We defined disease-modification interventions as those aiming to change the underlying pathology. We systematically searched electronic databases and previous systematic reviews for published and ongoing trials of disease-modifying treatments in mild-to-moderate dementia. We included 149/22,918 of the references found; with 81 outcome measures from 125 trials. Trials involved participants with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) alone (n = 111), or AD and mild cognitive impairment (n = 8) and three vascular dementia. We divided outcomes by the domain measured (cognition, activities of daily living, biological markers, neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life, global). We calculated the number of trials and of participants using each outcome. We detailed psychometric properties of each outcome. We sought the views of people living with dementia and family carers in three cities through Alzheimer’s society focus groups. Attendees at a consensus conference (experts in dementia research, disease-modification and harmonisation measures) decided on the core set of outcomes using these results. Recommended core outcomes were cognition as the fundamental deficit in dementia and to indicate disease modification, serial structural MRIs. Cognition should be measured by Mini Mental State Examination or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale. MRIs would be optional for patients. We also made recommendations for measuring important, but non-core domains which may not change despite disease modification. Limitations Most trials were about AD. Specific instruments may be superseded. We searched one database for psychometric properties. Interpretation This is the first review to identify the 81 outcome measures the research community uses for disease-modifying trials in mild-to-moderate dementia. Our recommendations will facilitate designing, comparing and meta-analysing disease modification trials in mild-to-moderate dementia, increasing their value.
TL;DR: A new class of linear donor-bridge-acceptor light-emitting molecules is introduced, which enable solution-processed OLEDs with near-100% internal quantum efficiency at high brightness and rapid interconversion at the singlet-triplet degeneracy point.
Abstract: Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) promise highly efficient lighting and display technologies. We introduce a new class of linear donor-bridge-acceptor light-emitting molecules, which enable solution-processed OLEDs with near-100% internal quantum efficiency at high brightness. Key to this performance is their rapid and efficient utilization of triplet states. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, we establish that luminescence via triplets occurs within 350 nanoseconds at ambient temperature, after reverse intersystem crossing to singlets. We find that molecular geometries exist at which the singlet-triplet energy gap (exchange energy) is close to zero, so that rapid interconversion is possible. Calculations indicate that exchange energy is tuned by relative rotation of the donor and acceptor moieties about the bridge. Unlike other systems with low exchange energy, substantial oscillator strength is sustained at the singlet-triplet degeneracy point.
TL;DR: In this paper, a phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped graphene framework (PNGF) was proposed to achieve ORR and OER bifunctionality on a single catalyst.
Abstract: Bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable for rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells. However, the commercial oxygen electrocatalysts (mainly noble metal based) can only exhibit either ORR or OER activity and also suffer from inherent cost and stability issues. It remains challenging to achieve efficient ORR and OER bifunctionality on a single catalyst. Metal-free structures offer relatively large scope for this bifunctionality to be engineered within one catalyst, together with improved cost-effectiveness and durability. Herein, by closely coupled computational design and experimental development, highly effective bifunctionality was achieved in a phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped graphene framework (PNGF) – with both ORR and OER activities reaching the theoretical limits of metal-free catalysts, superior to their noble metal counterparts in both (bi)functionality and durability. In particular, with the identification of active P–N sites for OER and N-doped sites for ORR, we successfully intensified these sites by one-pot synthesis to tailor the PNGF. The resulting catalyst achieved an ORR potential of 0.845 V vs. RHE at 3 mA cm−2 and an OER potential of 1.55 V vs. RHE at 10 mA cm−2. Its combined ORR and OER overpotential of 705 mV is much lower than those previously reported for metal-free bifunctional catalysts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify workplace resources at individual, group, leader and organizational levels that are related to both employee well-being and organizational performance, and examine which types of resources are most important in predicting both employee wellbeing and performance.
Abstract: Organizations are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of employees in gaining and maintaining competitive advantage. The happy worker-productive worker thesis suggests that workers who experience high levels of well-being also perform well and vice versa, however, organizations need to know how to ensure such happy and productive workers. The present review and meta-analysis identifies workplace resources at the individual, the group, the leader and the organizational levels that are related to both employee well-being and organizational performance. We examine which types of resources are most important in predicting both employee well-being and performance. We identified 84 quantitative studies published in print and online from 2003 to November 2015. Resources at either of the four levels were related to both employee well-being and performance. We found no significant differences in employee well-being and organizational performance between the four levels of workplace resources, suggesting that interventions may focus on any of these levels. Cross-sectional studies showed stronger relationships with well-being and performance than longitudinal studies. Studies using objective performance ratings provided weaker relationships between resources and performance than self-rated and leader/third party rated studies.
TL;DR: The CAMELS data set as mentioned in this paper is a large-scale data set of attributes for 671 catchments in the contiguous United States (CONUS) minimally impacted by human activities.
Abstract: . We present a new data set of attributes for 671 catchments in the contiguous United States (CONUS) minimally impacted by human activities. This complements the daily time series of meteorological forcing and streamflow provided by Newman et al. (2015b). To produce this extension, we synthesized diverse and complementary data sets to describe six main classes of attributes at the catchment scale: topography, climate, streamflow, land cover, soil, and geology. The spatial variations among basins over the CONUS are discussed and compared using a series of maps. The large number of catchments, combined with the diversity of the attributes we extracted, makes this new data set well suited for large-sample studies and comparative hydrology. In comparison to the similar Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) data set, this data set relies on more recent data, it covers a wider range of attributes, and its catchments are more evenly distributed across the CONUS. This study also involves assessments of the limitations of the source data sets used to compute catchment attributes, as well as detailed descriptions of how the attributes were computed. The hydrometeorological time series provided by Newman et al. (2015b, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6MW2F4D ) together with the catchment attributes introduced in this paper ( https://doi.org/10.5065/D6G73C3Q ) constitute the freely available CAMELS data set, which stands for Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies.
TL;DR: A new wheat whole-genome shotgun sequence assembly is generated using a combination of optimized data types and an assembly algorithm designed to deal with large and complex genomes.
Abstract: Advances in genome sequencing and assembly technologies are generating many high-quality genome sequences, but assemblies of large, repeat-rich polyploid genomes, such as that of bread wheat, remain fragmented and incomplete. We have generated a new wheat whole-genome shotgun sequence assembly using a combination of optimized data types and an assembly algorithm designed to deal with large and complex genomes. The new assembly represents >78% of the genome with a scaffold N50 of 88.8 kb that has a high fidelity to the input data. Our new annotation combines strand-specific Illumina RNA-seq and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) full-length cDNAs to identify 104,091 high-confidence protein-coding genes and 10,156 noncoding RNA genes. We confirmed three known and identified one novel genome rearrangements. Our approach enables the rapid and scalable assembly of wheat genomes, the identification of structural variants, and the definition of complete gene models, all powerful resources for trait analysis and breeding of this key global crop.
TL;DR: In this article, a representative national survey of UK homeowners (n=1025) finds prospective users have positive perceptions of the multiple functionality of smart home technologies including energy management, and an additional survey of actual smart home users participating in a smart home field trial identifies the key role of early adopters in lowering perceived smart home risks.
TL;DR: The present study suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation of omega-3 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.
Abstract: In the last decades, the development of new technologies applied to lipidomics has revitalized the analysis of lipid profile alterations and the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism, together with their involvement in the occurrence of human disease. Of particular interest is the study of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), notably EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3), and ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), and their transformation into bioactive lipid mediators. In this sense, new families of PUFA-derived lipid mediators, including resolvins derived from EPA and DHA, and protectins and maresins derived from DHA, are being increasingly investigated because of their active role in the “return to homeostasis” process and resolution of inflammation. Recent findings reviewed in the present study highlight that the omega-6 fatty acid ARA appears increased, and omega-3 EPA and DHA decreased in most cancer tissues compared to normal ones, and that increments in omega-3 LC-PUFAs consumption and an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 2–4:1, are associated with a reduced risk of breast, prostate, colon and renal cancers. Along with their lipid-lowering properties, omega-3 LC-PUFAs also exert cardioprotective functions, such as reducing platelet aggregation and inflammation, and controlling the presence of DHA in our body, especially in our liver and brain, which is crucial for optimal brain functionality. Considering that DHA is the principal omega-3 FA in cortical gray matter, the importance of DHA intake and its derived lipid mediators have been recently reported in patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The present study reviews the relationships between major diseases occurring today in the Western world and LC-PUFAs. More specifically this review focuses on the dietary omega-3 LC-PUFAs and the omega-6/omega-3 balance, in a wide range of inflammation disorders, including autoimmune diseases. This review suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation of omega-3 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented an integrated model of economy and climate (IMEC), an optimization model based on the input-output model, to assess the tradeoff between emission deceleration and economic growth, and found that China may reach its peak CO2 emissions levels by 2026.
TL;DR: This review will focus on the current knowledge for the main subclasses of flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and flavanones, for which there is growing evidence from prospective studies of beneficial effects on health.