Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores
Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson,Jian Yang,Hilary K. Finucane,Alexander Gusev,Sara Lindström,Stephan Ripke,Giulio Genovese,Po-Ru Loh,Gaurav Bhatia,Ron Do,Tristan J. Hayeck,Hong-Hee Won,Benjamin M. Neale,Aiden Corvin,James T.R. Walters,Kai How Farh,Peter Holmans,Phil Lee,Brendan Bulik-Sullivan,David A. Collier,Hailiang Huang,Tune H. Pers,Ingrid Agartz,E. Agerbo,Margot Albus,Madeline Alexander,Farooq Amin,Silviu Alin Bacanu,Martin Begemann,Richard A. Belliveau,Judit Bene,Sarah E. Bergen,Elizabeth Bevilacqua,Tim B. Bigdeli,Donald W. Black,Richard Bruggeman,Nancy G. Buccola,Randy L. Buckner,William Byerley,Wiepke Cahn,Guiqing Cai,Dominique Campion,Rita M. Cantor,Vaughan J. Carr,Noa Carrera,Stanley V. Catts,Kimberly Chambert,Raymond C.K. Chan,Ronald Y.L. Chen,Eric Y.H. Chen,Wei Cheng,Eric F. C. Cheung,Siow Ann Chong,C. Robert Cloninger,David Cohen,Nadine Cohen,Paul Cormican,Nicholas John Craddock,James J. Crowley,David Curtis,Michael Davidson,Kenneth L. Davis,Franziska Degenhardt,Jurgen Del Favero,Lynn E. DeLisi,Ditte Demontis,Dimitris Dikeos,Timothy G. Dinan,Srdjan Djurovic,Gary Donohoe,Elodie Drapeau,Jubao Duan,Frank Dudbridge,Naser Durmishi,Peter Eichhammer,Johan G. Eriksson,Valentina Escott-Price,Laurent Essioux,Ayman H. Fanous,Martilias S. Farrell,Josef Frank,Lude Franke,Robert Freedman,Nelson B. Freimer,Marion Friedl,Joseph I. Friedman,Menachem Fromer,Lyudmila Georgieva,Elliot S. Gershon,Ina Giegling,Paola Giusti-Rodrguez,Stephanie Godard,Jacqueline I. Goldstein,Vera Golimbet,Srihari Gopal,Jacob Gratten,Jakob Grove,Lieuwe de Haan,Christian Hammer,Marian L. Hamshere,Mark Hansen,Thomas Hansen,Vahram Haroutunian,Annette M. Hartmann,Frans Henskens,Stefan Herms,Joel N. Hirschhorn,Per Hoffmann,A. Hofman,Mads V. Hollegaard,David M. Hougaard,Masashi Ikeda,Inge Joa,Antonio Julià,René S. Kahn,Luba Kalaydjieva,Sena Karachanak-Yankova,Juha Karjalainen,David J. Kavanagh,Matthew C. Keller,Brian Kelly,James L. Kennedy,Andrey Khrunin,Yunjung Kim,Janis Klovins,James A. Knowles,Bettina Konte,Vaidutis Kučinskas,Zita Ausrele Kucinskiene,Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova,Anna K. Kähler,Claudine Laurent,Jimmy Lee Chee Keong,S. Hong Lee,Sophie E. Legge,Bernard Lerer,Miaoxin Li,Tao Li,Kung Yee Liang,Jeffrey A. Lieberman,Svetlana A. Limborska,Carmel M. Loughland,Jan Lubinski,Jouko K. Lnnqvist,Milan Macek,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Brion S. Maher,Wolfgang Maier,Jacques Mallet,Sara Marsal,Manuel Mattheisen,Morten Mattingsdal,Robert W. McCarley,Colm McDonald,Andrew M. McIntosh,Sandra Meier,Carin J. Meijer,Béla Melegh,Ingrid Melle,Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately,Andres Metspalu,Patricia T. Michie,Lili Milani,Vihra Milanova,Younes Mokrab,Derek W. Morris,Ole Mors,Preben Bo Mortensen,Kieran C. Murphy,Robin M. Murray,Inez Myin-Germeys,Bertram Mller-Myhsok,Mari Nelis,Igor Nenadic,Deborah A. Nertney,Gerald Nestadt,Kristin K. Nicodemus,Liene Nikitina-Zake,Laura Nisenbaum,Annelie Nordin,Eadbhard O'Callaghan,Colm O'Dushlaine,F. Anthony O'Neill,Sang Yun Oh,Ann Olincy,Line Olsen,Jim van Os,Christos Pantelis,George N. Papadimitriou,Sergi Papiol,Elena Parkhomenko,Michele T. Pato,Tiina Paunio,Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic,Diana O. Perkins,Olli Pietilinen,Jonathan Pimm,Andrew Pocklington,John Powell,Alkes Price,Ann E. Pulver,Shaun Purcell,Digby Quested,Henrik B. Rasmussen,Abraham Reichenberg,Mark Reimers,Alexander Richards,Joshua L. Roffman,Panos Roussos,Douglas M. Ruderfer,Veikko Salomaa,Alan R. Sanders,Ulrich Schall,Christian Schubert,Thomas G. Schulze,Sibylle G. Schwab,Edward M. Scolnick,Rodney J. Scott,Larry J. Seidman,Jianxin Shi,Engilbert Sigurdsson,Teimuraz Silagadze,Jeremy M. Silverman,Kang Sim,Petr Slominsky,Jordan W. Smoller,Hon-Cheong So,Chris C. A. Spencer,Eli A. Stahl,Hreinn Stefansson,Stacy Steinberg,Elisabeth Stögmann,Richard E. Straub,Eric Strengman,Jana Strohmaier,T. Scott Stroup,Mythily Subramaniam,Jaana Suvisaari,Dragan M. Svrakic,Jin P. Szatkiewicz,Erik Sderman,Srinivas Thirumalai,Draga Toncheva,Paul A. Tooney,Sarah Tosato,Juha Veijola,John L. Waddington,Dermot Walsh,Dai Wang,Qiang Wang,Bradley T. Webb,Mark Weiser,Dieter B. Wildenauer,Nigel Williams,Stephanie Williams,Stephanie H. Witt,Aaron R. Wolen,Emily H. M. Wong,Brandon Wormley,Jing Qin Wu,Hualin Simon Xi,Clement C. Zai,Xuebin Zheng,Fritz Zimprich,Naomi R. Wray,Kari Stefansson,Peter M. Visscher,Rolf Adolfsson,Ole A. Andreassen,Douglas Blackwood,Elvira Bramon,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Anders D. Børglum,Sven Cichon,Ariel Darvasi,Enrico Domenici,Hannelore Ehrenreich,Tõnu Esko,Pablo V. Gejman,Michael Gill,Hugh Gurling,Christina M. Hultman,Nakao Iwata,Assen Jablensky,Erik G. Jönsson,Kenneth S. Kendler,George Kirov,Jo Knight,Todd Lencz,Douglas F. Levinson,Qingqin S. Li,Jianjun Liu,Anil K. Malhotra,Steven A. McCarroll,Andrew McQuillin,Jennifer L. Moran,Bryan J. Mowry,Markus M. Nthen,Roel A. Ophoff,Michael John Owen,A. Palotie,Carlos N. Pato,Tracey L. Petryshen,Danielle Posthuma,Marcella Rietschel,Brien P. Riley,Dan Rujescu,Pak C. Sham,Pamela Sklar,David St Clair,Daniel R. Weinberger,Jens R. Wendland,Thomas Werge,Mark J. Daly,Patrick F. Sullivan,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Peter Kraft,David J. Hunter,Muriel A. Adank,Habibul Ahsan,Kristiina Aittomäki,Laura Baglietto,Sonja I. Berndt,Carl Blomquist,Federico Canzian,Jenny Chang-Claude,Stephen J. Chanock,Laura Crisponi,Kamila Czene,Norbert Dahmen,Isabel dos Santos Silva,Douglas F. Easton,A. Heather Eliassen,Jonine D. Figueroa,Olivia Fletcher,Montserrat Garcia-Closas,Mia M. Gaudet,Lorna Gibson,Christopher A. Haiman,Per Hall,Aditi Hazra,Rebecca Hein,Brian E. Henderson,Albert Hofman,John L. Hopper,Astrid Irwanto,Mattias Johansson,Rudolf Kaaks,Muhammad G. Kibriya,Peter Lichtner,Eiliv Lund,Enes Makalic,Alfons Meindl,Hanne Meijers-Heijboer,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Taru A. Muranen,Heli Nevanlinna,Petra H.M. Peeters,Julian Peto,Ross L. Prentice,Nazneen Rahman,María José Sánchez,Daniel F. Schmidt,Rita K. Schmutzler,Melissa C. Southey,Rulla M. Tamimi,Ruth C. Travis,Clare Turnbull,André G. Uitterlinden,Rob B. van der Luijt,Quinten Waisfisz,Zhaoming Wang,Alice S. Whittemore,Rose Yang,Wei Zheng,Wei Zheng,Sekar Kathiresan,Michele T. Pato,Carlos N. Pato,E Stahl,Noah Zaitlen,Bogdan Pasaniuc,Gillian M. Belbin,Eimear E. Kenny,Mikkel H. Schierup,Phillip L. De Jager,Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos,Steve McCarroll,Mark J. Daly,Shaun M. Purcell,Daniel I. Chasman,Benjamin M. Neale,Michael E. Goddard,Nick Patterson,Alkes L. Price +394 more
TLDR
LDpred is introduced, a method that infers the posterior mean effect size of each marker by using a prior on effect sizes and LD information from an external reference panel, and outperforms the approach of pruning followed by thresholding, particularly at large sample sizes.Abstract:
Polygenic risk scores have shown great promise in predicting complex disease risk and will become more accurate as training sample sizes increase. The standard approach for calculating risk scores involves linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based marker pruning and applying a p value threshold to association statistics, but this discards information and can reduce predictive accuracy. We introduce LDpred, a method that infers the posterior mean effect size of each marker by using a prior on effect sizes and LD information from an external reference panel. Theory and simulations show that LDpred outperforms the approach of pruning followed by thresholding, particularly at large sample sizes. Accordingly, predicted R(2) increased from 20.1% to 25.3% in a large schizophrenia dataset and from 9.8% to 12.0% in a large multiple sclerosis dataset. A similar relative improvement in accuracy was observed for three additional large disease datasets and for non-European schizophrenia samples. The advantage of LDpred over existing methods will grow as sample sizes increase.read more
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Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations
Amit Khera,Mark Chaffin,Krishna G. Aragam,Mary E. Haas,Carolina Roselli,Seung Hoan Choi,Pradeep Natarajan,Eric S. Lander,Steven A. Lubitz,Steven A. Lubitz,Patrick T. Ellinor,Patrick T. Ellinor,Sekar Kathiresan +12 more
TL;DR: Genome-wide polygenic risk scores derived from GWAS data for five common diseases can identify subgroups of the population with risk approaching or exceeding that of a monogenic mutation.
Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height
Hana Lango Allen,Karol Estrada,Guillaume Lettre,Sonja I. Berndt,Michael N. Weedon,Fernando Rivadeneira,Cristen J. Willer,Anne U. Jackson,Sailaja Vedantam,Soumya Raychaudhuri,Teresa Ferreira,Andrew R. Wood,Robert J. Weyant,Ayellet V. Segrè,Elizabeth K. Speliotes,Eleanor Wheeler,Nicole Soranzo,Ju-Hyun Park,Jian Yang,Daniel F. Gudbjartsson,Nancy L. Heard-Costa,Joshua C. Randall,Lu Qi,Albert V. Smith,Reedik Maegi,Tomi Pastinen,Liming Liang,Iris M. Heid,Jian'an Luan,Gudmar Thorleifsson,Thomas W. Winkler,Michael E. Goddard,Ken Sin Lo,Cameron D. Palmer,Tsegaselassie Workalemahu,Yurii S. Aulchenko,Åsa Johansson,M. Carola Zillikens,Mary F. Feitosa,Tõnu Esko,Toby Johnson,Shamika Ketkar,Peter Kraft,Massimo Mangino,Inga Prokopenko,Devin Absher,Eva Albrecht,Florian Ernst,Nicole L. Glazer,Caroline Hayward,Jouke-Jan Hottenga,Kevin B. Jacobs,Joshua W. Knowles,Zoltán Kutalik,Keri L. Monda,Ozren Polasek,Michael Preuss,Nigel W. Rayner,Neil R. Robertson,Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir,Jonathan Tyrer,Benjamin F. Voight,Fredrik Wiklund,Jianfeng Xu,Jing Hua Zhao,Dale R. Nyholt,Niina Pellikka,Markus Perola,John R. B. Perry,Ida Surakka,Mari-Liis Tammesoo,Elizabeth L. Altmaier,Najaf Amin,Thor Aspelund,Tushar Bhangale,Gabrielle Boucher,Daniel I. Chasman,Constance Chen,Lachlan J. M. Coin,Mark E. Cooper,Anna L. Dixon,Quince Gibson,Elin Grundberg,Ke Hao,M. Juhani Junttila,Lee M. Kaplan,Johannes Kettunen,Inke R. Koenig,Tony Kwan,Robert Lawrence,Douglas F. Levinson,Mattias Lorentzon,Barbara McKnight,Andrew P. Morris,Martina Mueller,Julius S. Ngwa,Shaun Purcell,Suzanne Rafelt,Rany M. Salem,Erika Salvi,Serena Sanna,Jianxin Shi,Ulla Sovio,John R. Thompson,Michael C. Turchin,Liesbeth Vandenput,Dominique J. Verlaan,Veronique Vitart,Charles C. White,Andreas Ziegler,Peter Almgren,Anthony J. Balmforth,Harry Campbell,Lorena Citterio,Alessandro De Grandi,Anna F. Dominiczak,Jubao Duan,Paul Elliott,Roberto Elosua,Johan G. Eriksson,Nelson B. Freimer,Eco J. C. de Geus,Nicola Glorioso,Shen Haiqing,Anna-Liisa Hartikainen,Aki S. Havulinna,Andrew A. Hicks,Jennie Hui,Wilmar Igl,Thomas Illig,Antti Jula,Eero Kajantie,Tuomas O. Kilpelaeinen,Markku Koiranen,Ivana Kolcic,Seppo Koskinen,Peter Kovacs,Jaana Laitinen,Jianjun Liu,Marja-Liisa Lokki,Ana Marušić,Andrea Maschio,Thomas Meitinger,Antonella Mulas,Guillaume Paré,Alex N. Parker,John F. Peden,Astrid Petersmann,Irene Pichler,Kirsi H. Pietiläinen,Anneli Pouta,Martin Riddertrale,Jerome I. Rotter,Jennifer G. Sambrook,Alan R. Sanders,Carsten Oliver Schmidt,Juha Sinisalo,Jan Smit,Heather M. Stringham,G. Bragi Walters,Elisabeth Widen,Sarah H. Wild,Gonneke Willemsen,Laura Zagato,Lina Zgaga,Paavo Zitting,Helene Alavere,Martin Farrall,Wendy L. McArdle,Mari Nelis,Marjolein Peters,Samuli Ripatti,Joyce B. J. vVan Meurs,Katja K.H. Aben,Kristin G. Ardlie,Jacques S. Beckmann,John Beilby,Richard N. Bergman,Sven Bergmann,Francis S. Collins,Daniele Cusi,Martin den Heijer,Gudny Eiriksdottir,Pablo V. Gejman,Alistair S. Hall,Anders Hamsten,Heikki V. Huikuri,Carlos Iribarren,Mika Kähönen,Jaakko Kaprio,Sekar Kathiresan,Lambertus A. Kiemeney,Thomas D. Kocher,Lenore J. Launer,Terho Lehtimäki,Olle Melander,Thomas H. Mosley,Arthur W. Musk,Markku S. Nieminen,Christopher J. O'Donnell,Claes Ohlsson,Ben A. Oostra,Lyle J. Palmer,Olli T. Raitakari,Paul M. Ridker,John D. Rioux,Aila Rissanen,Carlo Rivolta,Heribert Schunkert,Alan R. Shuldiner,David S. Siscovick,Michael Stumvoll,Anke Toenjes,Jaakko Tuomilehto,Gert-Jan B. van Ommen,Jorma Viikari,Andrew C. Heath,Nicholas G. Martin,Grant W. Montgomery,Michael A. Province,Manfred Kayser,Alice M. Arnold,Larry D. Atwood,Eric Boerwinkle,Stephen J. Chanock,Panos Deloukas,Christian Gieger,Henrik Grönberg,Per Hall,Andrew T. Hattersley,Christian Hengstenberg,Wolfgang Hoffman,G. Mark Lathrop,Veikko Salomaa,Stefan Schreiber,Manuela Uda,Dawn M. Waterworth,Alan F. Wright,Themistocles L. Assimes,Inês Barroso,Albert Hofman,Karen L. Mohlke,Dorret I. Boomsma,Mark J. Caulfield,L. Adrienne Cupples,Jeanette Erdmann,Caroline S. Fox,Vilmundur Gudnason,Ulf Gyllensten,Tamara B. Harris,Richard B. Hayes,Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin,Vincent Mooser,Patricia B. Munroe,Willem H. Ouwehand,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Peter P. Pramstaller,Thomas Quertermous,Igor Rudan,Nilesh J. Samani,Tim D. Spector,Henry Voelzke,Hugh Watkins,James F. Wilson,Leif Groop,Talin Haritunians,Frank B. Hu,Robert C. Kaplan,Andres Metspalu,Kari E. North,David Schlessinger,Nicholas J. Wareham,David J. Hunter,Jeffrey R. O'Connell,David P. Strachan,H. Erich Schadt,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Leena Peltonen,André G. Uitterlinden,Peter M. Visscher,Nilanjan Chatterjee,Ruth J. F. Loos,Michael Boehnke,Mark I. McCarthy,Erik Ingelsson,Cecilia M. Lindgren,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Kari Stefansson,Timothy M. Frayling,Joel N. Hirschhorn +289 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait, revealing patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals
James J. Lee,Robbee Wedow,Aysu Okbay,Edward Kong,Omeed Maghzian,Meghan Zacher,Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet,Peter Bowers,Julia Sidorenko,Julia Sidorenko,Richard Karlsson Linnér,Richard Karlsson Linnér,Mark Alan Fontana,Mark Alan Fontana,Tushar Kundu,Chanwook Lee,Hui Li,Ruoxi Li,Rebecca Royer,Pascal Timshel,Pascal Timshel,Raymond K. Walters,Raymond K. Walters,Emily A. Willoughby,Loic Yengo,Maris Alver,Yanchun Bao,David W. Clark,Felix R. Day,Nicholas A. Furlotte,Peter K. Joshi,Peter K. Joshi,Kathryn E. Kemper,Aaron Kleinman,Claudia Langenberg,Reedik Mägi,Joey W. Trampush,Shefali S. Verma,Yang Wu,Max Lam,Jing Hua Zhao,Zhili Zheng,Zhili Zheng,Jason D. Boardman,Harry Campbell,Jeremy Freese,Kathleen Mullan Harris,Caroline Hayward,Pamela Herd,Pamela Herd,Meena Kumari,Todd Lencz,Todd Lencz,Jian'an Luan,Anil K. Malhotra,Anil K. Malhotra,Andres Metspalu,Lili Milani,Ken K. Ong,John R. B. Perry,David J. Porteous,Marylyn D. Ritchie,Melissa C. Smart,Blair H. Smith,Joyce Y. Tung,Nicholas J. Wareham,James F. Wilson,Jonathan P. Beauchamp,Dalton Conley,Tõnu Esko,Steven F. Lehrer,Steven F. Lehrer,Steven F. Lehrer,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Sven Oskarsson,Tune H. Pers,Tune H. Pers,Matthew R. Robinson,Matthew R. Robinson,Kevin Thom,Chelsea Watson,Christopher F. Chabris,Michelle N. Meyer,David Laibson,Jian Yang,Magnus Johannesson,Philipp Koellinger,Philipp Koellinger,Patrick Turley,Patrick Turley,Peter M. Visscher,Daniel J. Benjamin,Daniel J. Benjamin,David Cesarini,David Cesarini +94 more
TL;DR: A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11–13% of the variance ineducational attainment and 7–10% ofthe variance in cognitive performance, which substantially increases the utility ofpolygenic scores as tools in research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities.
Alicia R. Martin,Masahiro Kanai,Yoichiro Kamatani,Yukinori Okada,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Mark J. Daly +6 more
TL;DR: To realize the full and equitable potential of polygenic risk scores, greater diversity must be prioritized in genetic studies, and summary statistics must be publically disseminated to ensure that health disparities are not increased for those individuals already most underserved.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use
TL;DR: Evidence is reported for the involvement of many systems in tobacco and alcohol use, including genes involved in nicotinic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission, which provide a solid starting point to evaluate the effects of these loci in model organisms and more precise substance use measures.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Aiden Corvin,James T.R. Walters,Kai-How Farh,Peter Holmans,Phil Lee,Phil Lee,Brendan Bulik-Sullivan,Brendan Bulik-Sullivan,David A. Collier,David A. Collier,Hailiang Huang,Hailiang Huang,Tune H. Pers,Tune H. Pers,Tune H. Pers,Ingrid Agartz,Ingrid Agartz,Esben Agerbo,Esben Agerbo,Margot Albus,Madeline Alexander,Farooq Amin,Silviu Alin Bacanu,Martin Begemann,Richard A. Belliveau,Judit Bene,Sarah E. Bergen,Sarah E. Bergen,Elizabeth Bevilacqua,Tim B. Bigdeli,Donald W. Black,Richard Bruggeman,Nancy G. Buccola,Randy L. Buckner,William Byerley,Wiepke Cahn,Guiqing Cai,Dominique Campion,Rita M. Cantor,Vaughan J. Carr,Noa Carrera,Stanley V. Catts,Kimberly Chambert,Raymond C.K. Chan,Ronald Y.L. Chen,Eric Y.H. Chen,Wei Cheng,Eric F.C. Cheung,Siow Ann Chong,C. Robert Cloninger,David Cohen,Nadine Cohen,Paul Cormican,Nicholas John Craddock,James J. Crowley,David Curtis,David Curtis,Michael Davidson,Kenneth L. Davis,Franziska Degenhardt,Jurgen Del Favero,Ditte Demontis,Ditte Demontis,Dimitris Dikeos,Timothy G. Dinan,Srdjan Djurovic,Gary Donohoe,Gary Donohoe,Elodie Drapeau,Jubao Duan,Frank Dudbridge,Naser Durmishi,Peter Eichhammer,Johan G. Eriksson,Johan G. Eriksson,Valentina Escott-Price,Laurent Essioux,Ayman H. Fanous,Martilias S. Farrell,Josef Frank,Lude Franke,Robert Freedman,Nelson B. Freimer,Marion Friedl,Joseph I. Friedman,Menachem Fromer,Menachem Fromer,Menachem Fromer,Giulio Genovese,Lyudmila Georgieva,Ina Giegling,Ina Giegling,Paola Giusti-Rodríguez,Stephanie Godard,Jacqueline I. Goldstein,Jacqueline I. Goldstein,Vera Golimbet,Srihari Gopal,Jacob Gratten,Lieuwe de Haan,Christian Hammer,Marian L. Hamshere,Mark Hansen,Thomas Hansen,Vahram Haroutunian,Vahram Haroutunian,Annette M. Hartmann,Frans Henskens,Stefan Herms,Stefan Herms,Joel N. Hirschhorn,Joel N. Hirschhorn,Per Hoffmann,Per Hoffmann,A. Hofman,Mads V. Hollegaard,David M. Hougaard,Masashi Ikeda,Inge Joa,Antonio Julià,René S. Kahn,Luba Kalaydjieva,Sena Karachanak-Yankova,Juha Karjalainen,David J. Kavanagh,Matthew C. Keller,James L. Kennedy,Andrey Khrunin,Yunjung Kim,Janis Klovins,James A. Knowles,Bettina Konte,Vaidutis Kučinskas,Zita Ausrele Kucinskiene,Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova,Anna K. Kähler,Claudine Laurent,Jimmy Lee Chee Keong,S. Hong Lee,Sophie E. Legge,Bernard Lerer,Miaoxin Li,Tao Li,Kung-Yee Liang,Jeffrey A. Lieberman,Svetlana A. Limborska,Carmel M. Loughland,Jan Lubinski,Jouko Lönnqvist,Milan Macek,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Brion S. Maher,Wolfgang Maier,J. Mallet,Sara Marsal,Manuel Mattheisen,Manuel Mattheisen,Manuel Mattheisen,Morten Mattingsdal,Robert W. McCarley,Colm McDonald,Andrew M. McIntosh,Sandra Meier,Carin J. Meijer,Béla Melegh,Ingrid Melle,Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately,Andres Metspalu,Patricia T. Michie,Lili Milani,Vihra Milanova,Younes Mokrab,Derek W. Morris,Derek W. Morris,Ole Mors,Ole Mors,Kieran C. Murphy,Robin M. Murray,Inez Myin-Germeys,Bertram Mueller-Myhsok,Mari Nelis,Igor Nenadic,Deborah A. Nertney,Gerald Nestadt,Kristin K. Nicodemus,Liene Nikitina-Zake,Laura Nisenbaum,Annelie Nordin,Eadbhard O'Callaghan,Colm O'Dushlaine,F. Anthony O'Neill,Sang-Yun Oh,Ann Olincy,Line Olsen,Jim van Os,Jim van Os,Christos Pantelis,George N. Papadimitriou,Sergi Papiol,Elena Parkhomenko,Michele T. Pato,Tiina Paunio,Tiina Paunio,Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic,Diana O. Perkins,Olli Pietiläinen,Olli Pietiläinen,Jonathan Pimm,Andrew Pocklington,John Powell,Alkes L. Price,Alkes L. Price,Ann E. Pulver,Shaun Purcell,Digby Quested,Henrik B. Rasmussen,Abraham Reichenberg,Mark Reimers,Alexander Richards,Joshua L. Roffman,Panos Roussos,Douglas M. Ruderfer,Douglas M. Ruderfer,Veikko Salomaa,Alan R. Sanders,Ulrich Schall,Christian R. Schubert,Thomas G. Schulze,Thomas G. Schulze,Sibylle G. Schwab,Edward M. Scolnick,Rodney J. Scott,Larry J. Seidman,Jianxin Shi,Engilbert Sigurdsson,Teimuraz Silagadze,Jeremy M. Silverman,Jeremy M. Silverman,Kang Sim,Petr Slominsky,Jordan W. Smoller,Jordan W. Smoller,Hon-Cheong So,Chris C. A. Spencer,Eli A. Stahl,Eli A. Stahl,Hreinn Stefansson,Stacy Steinberg,Elisabeth Stögmann,Richard E. Straub,Eric Strengman,Jana Strohmaier,T. Scott Stroup,Mythily Subramaniam,Jaana Suvisaari,Dragan M. Svrakic,Jin P. Szatkiewicz,Erik Söderman,Srinivas Thirumalai,Draga Toncheva,Sarah Tosato,Juha Veijola,John L. Waddington,Dermot Walsh,Dai Wang,Qiang Wang,Bradley T. Webb,Mark Weiser,Dieter B. Wildenauer,Nigel Williams,Stephanie Williams,Stephanie H. Witt,Aaron R. Wolen,Emily H. M. Wong,Brandon Wormley,Hualin Simon Xi,Clement C. Zai,Xuebin Zheng,Fritz Zimprich,Naomi R. Wray,Kari Stefansson,Peter M. Visscher,Rolf Adolfsson,Ole A. Andreassen,Douglas Blackwood,Elvira Bramon,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Anders D. Børglum,Anders D. Børglum,Sven Cichon,Sven Cichon,Ariel Darvasi,Enrico Domenici,Hannelore Ehrenreich,Tõnu Esko,Tõnu Esko,Tõnu Esko,Pablo V. Gejman,Michael Gill,Hugh Gurling,Christina M. Hultman,Nakao Iwata,Assen Jablensky,Erik G. Jönsson,Erik G. Jönsson,Kenneth S. Kendler,George Kirov,Jo Knight,Todd Lencz,Todd Lencz,Douglas F. Levinson,Qingqin S. Li,Jianjun Liu,Jianjun Liu,Anil K. Malhotra,Anil K. Malhotra,Steven A. McCarroll,Steven A. McCarroll,Andrew McQuillin,Jennifer L. Moran,Preben Bo Mortensen,Preben Bo Mortensen,Bryan J. Mowry,Markus M. Noethen,Roel A. Ophoff,Roel A. Ophoff,Michael John Owen,Aarno Palotie,Aarno Palotie,Aarno Palotie,Carlos N. Pato,Tracey L. Petryshen,Tracey L. Petryshen,Danielle Posthuma,Danielle Posthuma,Marcella Rietschel,Brien P. Riley,Dan Rujescu,Dan Rujescu,Pak C. Sham,Pamela Sklar,David St Clair,Daniel R. Weinberger,Jens R. Wendland,Thomas Werge,Thomas Werge,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Patrick F. Sullivan,Patrick F. Sullivan,Michael Conlon O'Donovan +354 more
TL;DR: Associations at DRD2 and several genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission highlight molecules of known and potential therapeutic relevance to schizophrenia, and are consistent with leading pathophysiological hypotheses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Shaun Purcell,Shaun Purcell,Naomi R. Wray,Jennifer Stone,Jennifer Stone,Peter M. Visscher,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Patrick F. Sullivan,Pamela Sklar,Pamela Sklar,Douglas M. Ruderfer,Andrew McQuillin,Derek W. Morris,Colm O'Dushlaine,Aiden Corvin,Peter Holmans,Stuart MacGregor,Hugh Gurling,Douglas Blackwood,Nicholas John Craddock,Michael Gill,Christina M. Hultman,Christina M. Hultman,George Kirov,Paul Lichtenstein,Walter J. Muir,Michael John Owen,Carlos N. Pato,Edward M. Scolnick,Edward M. Scolnick,David St Clair,Nigel Williams,Lyudmila Georgieva,Ivan Nikolov,Nadine Norton,Hywel Williams,Draga Toncheva,Vihra Milanova,Emma Flordal Thelander,Patrick Sullivan,Elaine Kenny,Emma M. Quinn,Khalid Choudhury,Susmita Datta,Jonathan Pimm,Srinivasa Thirumalai,Vinay Puri,Robert Krasucki,Jacob Lawrence,Digby Quested,Nicholas Bass,Caroline Crombie,Gillian Fraser,Soh Leh Kuan,Nicholas Walker,Kevin A. McGhee,Ben S. Pickard,P. Malloy,Alan W Maclean,Margaret Van Beck,Michele T. Pato,Helena Medeiros,Frank A. Middleton,Célia Barreto Carvalho,Christopher P. Morley,Ayman H. Fanous,David V. Conti,James A. Knowles,Carlos Ferreira,António Macedo,M. Helena Azevedo,Andrew Kirby,Andrew Kirby,Manuel A. R. Ferreira,Manuel A. R. Ferreira,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Kimberly Chambert,Finny G Kuruvilla,Stacey Gabriel,Kristin G. Ardlie,Jennifer L. Moran +81 more
TL;DR: The extent to which common genetic variation underlies the risk of schizophrenia is shown, using two analytic approaches, and the major histocompatibility complex is implicate, which is shown to involve thousands of common alleles of very small effect.
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Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
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LD score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies :
A global reference for human genetic variation.
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