There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Many materials systems are currently under consideration as potential replacements for SiO2 as the gate dielectric material for sub-0.1 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. A systematic consideration of the required properties of gate dielectrics indicates that the key guidelines for selecting an alternative gate dielectric are (a) permittivity, band gap, and band alignment to silicon, (b) thermodynamic stability, (c) film morphology, (d) interface quality, (e) compatibility with the current or expected materials to be used in processing for CMOS devices, (f) process compatibility, and (g) reliability. Many dielectrics appear favorable in some of these areas, but very few materials are promising with respect to all of these guidelines. A review of current work and literature in the area of alternate gate dielectrics is given. Based on reported results and fundamental considerations, the pseudobinary materials systems offer large flexibility and show the most promise toward success...

/pdf/high-k-gate-dielectrics-current-status-and-materials-zjvba0c4u8.pdf

High-κ gate dielectrics: Current status and materials properties considerations

The CMOS technology area has quickly grown, calling for a new text--and here it is, covering the analysis and design of CMOS integrated circuits that practicing engineers need to master to succeed. Filled with many examples and chapter-ending problems, the book not only describes the thought process behind each circuit topology, but also considers the rationale behind each modification. The analysis and design techniques focus on CMOS circuits but also apply to other IC technologies.
Table of contents

1 Introduction to Analog Design
2 Basic MOS Device Physics
3 Single-Stage Amplifiers
4 Differential Amplifiers
5 Passive and Active Current Mirrors
6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
7 Noise
8 Feedback
9 Operational Amplifiers
10 Stability and Frequency Compensation
11 Bandgap References
12 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor Circuits
13 Nonlinearity and Mismatch
14 Oscillators
15 Phase-Locked Loops
16 Short-Channel Effects and Device Models
17 CMOS Processing Technology
18 Layout and Packaging

/pdf/design-of-analog-cmos-integrated-circuits-35wxhwa3a6.pdf

Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits

Nanocrystals (NCs) discussed in this Review are tiny crystals of metals, semiconductors, and magnetic material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms each. Their size ranges from 2-3 to about 20 nm. What is special about this size regime that placed NCs among the hottest research topics of the last decades? The quantum mechanical coupling * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dvtalapin@uchicago.edu. † The University of Chicago. ‡ Argonne National Lab. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 389–458 389

/pdf/prospects-of-colloidal-nanocrystals-for-electronic-and-3dxpyhl3r7.pdf

Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

Continuous scaling of submicron CMOS technologies will soon make low cost, wireless system-on-a-chip communication products possible. The ultimate goal of these systems is to integrate the entire RF front-end with DSP together on a single chip. One key issue to the success of this CMOS RF system LSI chip implementation is how to accurately predict circuit performance using simulators such as SPICE. This will require accurate RF AC and noise models. The latter is essential for optimizing the noise performance which will in turn lead to a low power design. Recently, several CMOS RF models have been proposed for improvement on the accuracy of AC analysis at high frequencies (Ou et al, 1998). However, the accuracy of the existing noise models is not satisfactory for submicron CMOS. In this paper, a physics-based RF thermal noise model is proposed for submicron CMOS devices with a channel thermal noise model, resulting in a nearly bias-independent noise factor /spl gamma/. This model shows good agreement with measured RF noise data across a wide range of bias conditions.

Submicron CMOS thermal noise modeling from an RF perspective

Plasma etching antenna effect on oxide-silicon interface reliability

Improve the electrical properties of NILC poly-Si films using a gettering substrate

A method is described for forming three or more spacer widths in transistor regions on a substrate. In one embodiment, different silicon nitride thicknesses are formed above gate electrodes followed by nitride etching to form spacers. Optionally, different gate electrode thicknesses may be fabricated and a conformal oxide layer is deposited which is subsequently etched to form different oxide spacer widths. A third embodiment involves a combination of different gate electrode thickness and different nitride thicknesses. A fourth embodiment involves selectively thinning an oxide layer over certain gate electrodes before etching to form spacers. Therefore, spacer widths can be independently optimized for different transistor regions on a substrate to enable better drive current in transistors with narrow spacers and improved SCE control in neighboring transistors with wider spacers. Better drive current is also obtained in transistors with shorter polysilicon thickness.

Method for forming devices with multiple spacer widths

A new SOI/bulk hybrid technology with devices on both the thin film and the bottom substrate of SIMOX wafers has been studied. By fabricating ESD protection circuits on the substrate of SIMOX wafers, ESD reliability of high performance CMOS SOI circuits can be significantly improved. Despite the higher surface defect density and micro-roughness on the bottom substrate of SIMOX wafers compared to ordinary bulk wafers, similar electron mobility, intrinsic thermal oxide properties and hot-carrier degradation are observed among MOSFET's fabricated on the different substrates. Thus, the hybrid technology is capable of combining the advantages both of SOI and bulk technology in fabricating high performance circuits. >

Chenming Hu

Papers

Submicron CMOS thermal noise modeling from an RF perspective

Plasma etching antenna effect on oxide-silicon interface reliability

Improve the electrical properties of NILC poly-Si films using a gettering substrate

Method for forming devices with multiple spacer widths

SOI/bulk hybrid technology on SIMOX wafers for high performance circuits with good ESD immunity