Francesca V. Mariani

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.

TL;DR: In this article, the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) was investigated and it was shown that FGF4 and FGF8 regulate cell number in the nascent limb bud.

TL;DR: Analysis of the compound mutant limb buds revealed that, in addition to sustaining cell survival, AER-FGFs regulate P–D-patterning gene expression during early limb bud development, providing genetic evidence that A ER-F GFs function to specify a distal domain and challenging the long-standing hypothesis that AER -FGF signalling is permissive rather than instructive for limb patterning.

TL;DR: Even young children can distinguish a Tyrannosaurus rex from a Brontosaurus by observing differences in bone size, shape, number and arrangement, that is, skeletal pattern.

TL;DR: It is shown that the Ski oncoprotein can block BMP signaling and the expression of BMP-responsive genes in both Xenopus and mammalian cells by directly interacting with and repressing the activity of B MP-specific Smad complexes.