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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Chloroquine in cancer therapy: a double-edged sword of autophagy.

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TLDR
The functions of autophagy in cancer and kidney injury are summarized, especially focusing on the use of chloroquine to treat cancer, and the possible side effects are addressed in the combined use ofchloroquine and anticancer drugs.
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic cellular recycling system that is responsible for degrading damaged or unnecessary cellular organelles and proteins. Cancer cells are thought to use autophagy as a source of energy in the unfavorable metastatic environment, and a number of clinical trials are now revealing the promising role of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, as a novel antitumor drug. On the other hand, however, the kidneys are highly vulnerable to chemotherapeutic agents. Recent studies have shown that autophagy plays a protective role against acute kidney injury, including cisplatin-induced kidney injury, and thus, we suspect that the use of chloroquine in combination with anticancer drugs may exacerbate kidney damage. Moreover, organs in which autophagy also plays a homeostatic role, such as the neurons, liver, hematopoietic stem cells, and heart, may be sensitive to the combined use of chloroquine and anticancer drugs. Here, we summarize the functions of autophagy in cancer and kidney injury, especially focusing on the use of chloroquine to treat cancer, and address the possible side effects in the combined use of chloroquine and anticancer drugs.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Chronic kidney disease as a complication of cancer

TL;DR: The prevalence of CKD in the cancer patient population is illustrated and an overview of the causes are provided, which explore the bidirectional relationship of cancer and CKD, and elaborate on the cutting edge therapies and their associated renal toxic effects.
Patent

Compositions and methods for treating endometriosis

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present methods of treating and/or preventing endometriosis or symptom thereof, assays for diagnosing/prognosing endometria, compositions and formulations for treating or preventing the endometrium, and populations of endometiotic cells, including life-extended populations of cells
Book ChapterDOI

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Cancer

TL;DR: This chapter highlights the signaling pathways of ER stress and autophagy, the relevant therapeutic targets in cancer, and summarizes the current state of development of novel therapeutics in various phases of clinical trials.
Patent

Compositions and methods for treating cancer

TL;DR: Ritanserin is shown to be an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) and to be cytotoxic to glioblastoma and melanoma cells as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation

TL;DR: It is proposed that the metabolism of cancer cells, and indeed all proliferating cells, is adapted to facilitate the uptake and incorporation of nutrients into the biomass needed to produce a new cell.
Journal ArticleDOI

Acute Kidney Injury Network: Report of an Initiative to Improve Outcomes in Acute Kidney Injury

TL;DR: The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKI Network) as discussed by the authors is a multidisciplinary collaborative network focused on AKI, which was established to improve care for patients with or at risk for AKI.
Journal ArticleDOI

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Daniel J. Klionsky, +2522 more
- 21 Jan 2016 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Journal ArticleDOI

Autophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues

TL;DR: It is explored how recent mouse models in combination with advances in human genetics are providing key insights into how the impairment or activation of autophagy contributes to pathogenesis of diverse diseases, from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease to inflammatory disorders such as Crohn disease.
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